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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is required for cellular respiration and what is its products?
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Glucose and oxygen. CO2, H2O, ATP.
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What is the concentration of solute in the following:
1. Hypertonic 2. Hypotonic 3. Isotonic |
1. has a higher concentration of solute
2. has a lower concentration of solute 3. has an equal conventration of solute |
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What are ribosomes responsible for?
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Protein synthesis
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What is the interaction called when a substrate fits to the active site and the enzyme changes shape slightly?
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Induced fit
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What contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to water?
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Peroxisomes
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What organelle is the manager of the cell?
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The nucleus
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What type of energy is chemical energy?
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Potential energy
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What is the purpose of smooth ER?
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Synthesis of lipids and metabolism of carbohydrates.
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In what part of the mitochondria does electron transport take place?
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The inner mitochondrial membrane
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What are the 3 types of cellular work?
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Mechanical, transport, chemical
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We call "self-feeder" that make all their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients what?
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Autotrophs
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ATP is made up of what?
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Adenosine and a tail of 3 phosphates
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What type of metabolism occurs when the demand for oxygen outstrips the body's ability to deliver it?
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Anaerobic metabolism
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What is NAD+
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An electron Acceptor
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Glycolysis happens where?
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In the cytosol or cytoplasm
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Few metabolic reactions occur without the assistance of what?
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Enzymes
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The split molecules of glycolysis donate high energy electron to NAD+ forming what?
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NADH
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The membranes of cells are composed mostly of what?
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Lipids and proteins
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What part of the cell refines, stores and distributes the chemical products of the cell?
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The golgi apparatus
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What is the name of the selectively permeable membrane that allows movement in and out of the cell?
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Plasma membrane
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What causes the "burn" associated with heavy exercise?
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Lactic Acid
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ATP is broken down into what?
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ADP
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What one organelle do prokaryotic cells contain?
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Ribosomes
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The cytoskeleton is made up of what 2 things?
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Microtubules and microfilaments
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How many turns of the Kreb cycle is needed for 1 molecule of glucose?
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2
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Name at least 4 of the different functions of proteins within the plasma membrane.
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Attachment, cellular communication, cellular joining, transport, signaling, enzymatic activity.
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What is the double membrane around the nucleus called?
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Nuclear envelope
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The control of water balance in animals is called what?
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Osmoregulation
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Where is the site of cellular respiration?
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The mitochondria
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What happens to the active site of an enzyme when the enzyme has been bounded by a non-competitive inhibitor?
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It changes shape
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What type of inhibitor binds t the active site of an enzyme?
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Competitive inhibitor
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Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another are called what?
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Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox)
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What is Osmosis
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The passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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What is 1. kinetic energy
2. potential energy? |
1. energy in motion
2. stored energy |
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What is a chemical process that harvests energy from organic molecules?
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Cellular respiration
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum composed of?
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Smooth and rough ER
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A cell that lacks internal structures surrounded by membranes is called?
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Prokaryiotic
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What is the purpose of flagella?
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Movement
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A non-competitive inhibitors binds itself to what part of the enzyme?
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The allosteric site
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The phosphorylation of ADP leading to ATP is called?
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Oxidated phosphorylation
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What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis
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Exo is the secreting of substances outside the cell and endo is the bringing of substances into the cell
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What type of transport is diffusion?
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Passive transport
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What does the nuclear membrane contain?
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Chromatin and nucleolus
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Enzymes are what 4 things?
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Catalysts, proteins, specific, reusable
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What does fermentation rely on to produce ATP
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Glycolysis
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What do lysosomes contain?
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Digestive enzymes
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What is responsible for the modification of proteins, sorting products and releasing them into vesicles?
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The Golgi
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In the prep of the kreb cycle pyruvic acid is turned into ? by the loss of ?
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Acetic Acid
CO2 |
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The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction is called?
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Reduction
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What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?
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Competitive
non-competitve |
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What do enzymes do?
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Lower the activation energy for chemical reactions.
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What goes into the Kreb cycle (4) per turn?
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Acetic acid
ADP+p 3-NAD+ FADH |
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What will happen to an animal cell in each of these types of solutions;
1. Isotonic 2. Hypotonic 3. Hypertonic |
1. Normal
2. Burst 3. Shrivel |
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What are the wast products of cellular respiration?
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CO2, H2O
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Most ATP is made in what stage of cellular respiration?
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The 3rd. Electron Transport
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What causes the "roughness" of rough ER?
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Ribosomes
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Where are the chromosomes located?
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In the nucleus
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What process takes the energy from the hydrogen ions flow and synthesizes ATP?
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ATP Synthase
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What is the starting material of cellular respiration? What is it immediately turned into?
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Glucose.
2 pyruvic acids |
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Which cycle of cellular respiration completes the breakdown of sugar?
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Citric acid/ Kreb cycle
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"other-feeders" that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones are called?
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Heterotrophs
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Active transport is different from passive transport because ?
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It requires energy to move across a membrane
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What type of metabolism occurs when enough oxygen reaches cells to support energy needs?
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Aerobic metabolism
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What happens in chloroplasts
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photosynthesis
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An anearobic harvest of food energy is called ?
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Fermentation
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what is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
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To separate the living cell from its nonliving surroundings
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How many phosphate groups does ADP have?
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2
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The loss of electrons during a redox reaction is called ?
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Oxidation
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What are the products of fermentation? (4)
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Lactic acid
Ethanol/alcohol 2- ATP CO2 |
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Eukaryiotic cells make on average ? ATP per glucose
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36
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FADH=? ATP
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2
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Cellular respiration happens in how many stages? name them?
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3
1. glycolysis 2. citric acid/ kreb 3. Electron transport |
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In plants, this organelle helps with digestion, storage and wast disposal
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Vacuole
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What comes out (per turn) of the citric acid cycle?
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2-CO2
ATP 3-NADH FADH2 |
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The cystoskeleton creates what?
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The cell shape
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What helps with the break-down of ingested substances and cell macromolecules?
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lysosome
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Substrate phosphorylation happens during what
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glycolysis
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Every NADH= ? ATP
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3
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Without enough oxygen, muscle cells breakdown ? to produce ?
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Glucose
Lactic acid |
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Where is ATP made?
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in the mitochondria
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What is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in organisms called?
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metabolism
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The citric acid cycle extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the ? molecules all the way down to ?
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Acetic Acid
CO2 |
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The process of fermentation makes how much ATP?
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2
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What 3 things do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
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Cell wall
chloroplasts Central vacuole |
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After the rough ER synthesizes molecules it does what
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packages the molecule into transport vesicles
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What organelles produces two types of membrane proteins.
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the rough ER
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What organelle works in partnership with the ER?
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The golgi apparatus
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what is stored in the central vacuole of plants?
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Water and nutrients
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What unique feature do mitochondria and choloroplast contain?
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Their own DNA
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What type of motion do these two posess?
Flagella and cilia |
Flagella=whiplike
cilia= back-and-forth motion |
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What are extracellular coats used for?
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communication
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In diffusion where do the molecules move to
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available space
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What is the transport of some substances by specific transport proteins that act as selective corridors
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Facilitated
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