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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
The hypothalamus releases GnRH, which activates the anterior pituitary gland. |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Generally, in males, FSH releases sperm and inhibin. In females, FSH releases estrogen. |
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Lutenizing Hormone (LH) |
Generally, in males, LH releases testosterone. In females, LH releases progesterone. |
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Testis |
The testis produces the sperm and testosterone. |
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Seminiferous Tubules |
Spermatogenesis occurs here, (i.e. the production of sperm) and matures in the epididymis. |
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Interstitial Cells |
These cells form between the seminiferous tubules, serving to release testosterone (LH). |
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Penis |
The male sexual organ; an erectile shaft meant to help propel sperm through the cervix |
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Epididymis |
Where sperm cells mature |
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Vas Deferens |
Where sperm cells travel to after they exit the epididymis, conducts sperm through to the urethra (after going through the glands) |
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Urethra (Male) |
Shorter in length than the female urethra, and, as a result, less UTIs. Also, the urethra is where the semen exits. Both urine and semen can't exit at once. |
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Bulborethral Glands |
Contribute mucous fluid to semen |
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Prostate Glands |
Contribute basic fluid to semen |
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Seminal Vesicles |
Add protein, sugars, and nutrients to semen |
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Sperm Flow |
Seminiferous Tubules -> Testis -> Epididymis -> Seminal vesicles -> Bulborethral Glands -> Prostate Glands -> Urethra |
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Acrosome |
Cap of the sperm |
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Head |
Head of the sperm |
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Middle Piece |
Motor of the sperm |
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Tail |
Flagella of the sperm |
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Spermatogenesis |
The process of creating sperm in the testis |
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Secondary Sexual Characteristics (Males) |
Axillary hair growth, maturation of the Adam's Apple (i.e. deeper voice). The testosterone causes males to grow taller than females generally. |
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Hormonal Cycle for Males (FSH) |
Hypothalamus releases GnRH -> Anterior Pituitary Gland releases FSH -> Testis releases sperm plus inhibin -> Inhibin cancels out the production of FSH and GnRH |
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Hormonal Cycle for Females (FSH) |
Hypothalamus releases GnRH -> Anterior Pituitary Gland releases FSH -> Ovaries release follicles and Estrogen |
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Hormonal Cycle for Females (LH) |
The production of LH (but its inhibition by estrogen) causes the corpus luteum to form. |
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Oogenesis |
The production of a follicle (immature egg) |
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Ovulation |
The follicle bursts from the oviduct into the uterus |
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Oviduct |
The oviduct is where the egg gets fertilized. It is filled with fimbrae (fingerlike projections) to assist the egg into moving into the uterus. |
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Uterus |
The egg nestles into the endometrial lining here, and grows. Without an egg, this is simply a step in the process of the ovulation cycle; the high amounts of estrogen thickens the endometrial lining, but it is shed because the LH has decreased and the luteum is no longer being maintained. |
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LH (Females) |
The Lutenizing Hormone. When LH spikes, it produces the Corpus Luteum, which in turn produces progesterone that builds the endometrial lining. |
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Ovarian Cycle (FSH) |
Hypothalamus releases GnRH -> Anterior Pituitary Gland releases FSH and LH -> FSH creates a follicle, which releases estrogen -> The estrogen inhibits the FSH (blood level increase) |
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Ovarian Cycle (LH) |
Hypothalamus releases GnRH -> Anterior Pituitary Gland releases FSH and LH -> LH levels spike after estrogen levels drop -> creates Corpus Luteum, which releases progesterone -> LH levels drop after 10 days |
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Corpus Luteum |
A structure that provides nutrients to the endometrial lining by strengthening and thickening it (estrogen) and creating it (progesterone) |
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Menstruation |
The shedding of the endometrial lining |
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Estrogen |
Inhibits FSH production |
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Progesterone |
Glands form in the endometrium |
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What causes a new follicle to develop? |
When the corpus luteum is not maintained anymore, FSH levels spike, creating a new follicle |
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) |
Secretes estrogen and progesterone so that the endometrial lining can be maintained for 6 months |
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Placenta |
After 6 months have passed, the placenta takes over and secretes estrogen and progesterone |
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Oxytocin |
Causes the smooth uterine muscle to contract near childbirth (peristalsis) -- facilitates partuition |
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Venous Duct
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The duct in which the mother and fetus share nutrients -- sends it into the fetal liver |
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Arterial Duct |
Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta |
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Oval Opening (Foramen Ovale) |
The left and right atrium are connected -- blood shunts right through as the lungs are useless at this stage |
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Lungs in fetus |
Due to the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus, the lungs can't exchange oxygen and blood as effectively |
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Umbilical Cord |
Exchanges mother's nutrients to the fetus |