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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lipids are: Insoluble/Soluble?
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Insoluble
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List the membrane lipids.
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Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids Cholesterol |
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Triacylglycerol is synthesized mainly in the:
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Liver
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Triacylglycerol is transported in the blood as______ & stored in ______ ?
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lipoproteins
Adipose tissue |
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Chylomicrons are produced in?
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Intestinal cells (from dietary lipids)
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VLDL is produced in?
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The Liver (from dietary carbohydrates)
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The triacylglycerols of Chylomicrons & VLDL are hydolyzed in blood by ____ into _____ & _______?
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Lipoprotein Lipase
to fatty acids and glycerol. |
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The key regulatory enzyme of cholesterol is_____?
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HMG CoA reductase
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Where is cholesterol converted into bile salts, which forms steroid hormones in endocrine tissues.
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Liver
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Eicosanoids & are derived from?
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Prostaglandin, thromboxanes, & leukotrienes.
derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. |
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Spingolipids contain
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ceremide w/a variety of groups attached.
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Sphingomyelin contains
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phosphocholine
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cerebrosides contain
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a sugar residue
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gangliosides contain
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many suger residues
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Cholesterol consists of
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4 rings and an aliphatic side chain.
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Bile salts and steroid hormones are derived from?
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cholesterol
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Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes are derived from____ such as _____.
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polyunsaturated fatty acids
such as arachidonic acid |
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fat soluble vitamins:
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A, D, E, & K.
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The major membrane lipid is:______ but ____ & ______ are also present.
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Phosphoglycerides
sphingolipids & Cholesterol |
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Carbohydrates are attached to proteins & Lipids on the ___ side of the cell mem. (extending into the_____?)
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Are attaced to the exterior side of the cell mem.
Extend into the extracellular space. |
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Dietary triaclyglycerols are digested where?
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Are digested in the small intestine.
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dietary lipids are emulsified by:
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are emulsified by bile salts
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Mem's are composed mainly of:
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lipids & proteins
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What digests triacylglycerol (w/help from colipase) to 2-monoacylglycerols & free fatty acids?
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pancreatic lipase
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The product released by fatty acid synthase complex?
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Palmitate
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Acetyl CoA (from glucose) is converted by acetyl CoA carboxylase to ______?
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Malonyl CoA
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Acetyl CoA carboxylase is inhibited by:
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Phosphorylation
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Malonyl CoA formation requires
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biotin & ATP
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Acetyl CoA is activated by:
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dephosphorylation, citrate, & induced by insulin.
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Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by:
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pyruvate dehydrogenase
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Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate by:
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pyruvate carboxylase
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The glycerol moiety, from glycerol 3 phosphate, reacts w/2 fatty acyl CoA to form:
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Phosphatidic acid-in the liver & adipose tissue.
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Adipose tissue which lacks ______ cannot generate glycerol 3 phosphate from glycerol.
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lacks glycerol kinase
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Liver & adipose tissue could convert glucose to __________ through glycolysis.
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dihyroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
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Triacylglycerol is stored in________?
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stored in adipose tissue
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In the liver, triacylglycerol is incorporated into_______?
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VLDL
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Malonyl CoA, the product of acetyl CoA carboxylase, inhibits____________?
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Carnitine acyltransferase 1
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Fatty acid cofactors:
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NADPH, ATP, Mn+2, biotin, HCO3, Acetyl-CoA
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A cholesterol precursor can be converted to ______.
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1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
(active form of vit D.) |
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Bile salts are stored in the ______and released during a meal to aid in ______ ______.
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gall bladder
lipid digestion |
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HMG CoA reductase reduces cytosolic acetyl CoA to ________.
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mevalonic acid
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Bile salts are activated by ___ ____________.
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ATP and Coenzyme A
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Chylomicrons are the _____ dense b/c they have the most triacylglycerol and least amount proteins.
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least dense
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IDL (derived from VLDL)is ______ dense then VLDL and has less than ________the amount of triacylglycerides.
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more dense then VLDL
less than one-half |
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LDL has the highest content of _______ ___ _______.
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cholesterol and it's esters.
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HDL is the most dense and has the ______ ___ and the ______ ______.
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has the lowest triacylglycerol and the highest protein content.
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Chylomicron's major apoprotein:
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Apo B-48
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Apo C-II activates
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lipoprotein lipase
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HDL nascent chylomicrons
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apo E
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VLDL is formed from triacyglycerols and packaged w/apo____?
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packaged with apo B-100
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HDL shape:
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disk shape
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The major protein of HDL:
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the major protein of HDL is apo A
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During fasting, Insulin
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insulin↓ during fasting
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During fasting, Glucagon
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glucagon ↑ during fasting.
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Fatty acids are transported in the blood complexed with______ ?
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F.A's travel with albumin in the blood.
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F.A's are converted to _______ _______, and glycerol is converted to glucose. (In the LIVER)
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______ are converted to Ketone Bodies in the _____?
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During fasting glucagon levels ↑, stimulating_______?
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↑in glucagon stimulates lipolysis.
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F.A's are oxidized by:
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Beta oxidation
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Fatty acyl CoA (activated long chain of F.A's) are transported into mitochondria by:
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transported by the Carnitine Carrier System
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Glycerol is used by the liver as a source of carbons for ______ which produces _____ for the_____ &_______.
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source of carbons for GLUCOGENSIS:produces GLUCOSE for the BRAIN & RBCs.
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Long chain fatty acids are activated by___ & ______ forming__________.
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ATP
COENZYME A FATTY ACYL CoA |
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Short fatty acid chains are activated in the_______?
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activated in the MITOCHONDRIA.
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What is generated from the products of Beta oxidation?
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Energy is generated from B oxidation
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Acetoacetate & B hydroxybutyrate are synthesized mainly in the?
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liver mitochondria whenever F.A levels are high in the blood.
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Fatty acids generate ATP when they are _________ & converted to acetyl CoA
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when F.As are activated
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Acetyl CoA reacts w/acetoacetyl CoA to form _____ which is cleaved to form _______________?
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HMG CoA
Acetoacetate |
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Acetoacetate can be reduced to a 2nd ketone body (______)by NADH.
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to form 3 hydroxybutyrate (B hydroxybutyate)
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