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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of reactions definitions: synthetic (addition)
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Two or more substances combine to form one substance
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Types of reactions definitions: decomposition
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One compound breaks down into simpler products
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Types of reactions definitions: displacement (substitution)
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A more reactive element replaces a less reactive element
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Types of reactions definitions: double displacement
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Two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds
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Types of reactions definitions: acid-base
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Type of double displacement reaction. (Acids - proton donors, bases - proton acceptors)
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Types of reactions definitions: redox
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Oxidation-reduction (oxidized - lose electrons, oxygen atoms get reduced - gain electrons)
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Types of reactions definitions: combustion
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Type of redox reaction, typically produces CO2 and H2O, always releases lots of energy (usually in the form of heat and light)
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hydrocarbon
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Only contains hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms - fully saturated.
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Functional group make-up: alcohols
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Hydroxyl group, -OH
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Functional group make-up: aldehydes
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Carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom (on the end of a R chain) (R-C(=O)-H)
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Functional group make-up: ketones
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Carbonyl group inbetween two R groups (R-C(=O)-R')
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Functional group make-up: carboxylic acids
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Carboxyl group which is carbonyl linked to an Alcohol.
(-COOH) |
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Functional group make-up: esters
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Product of a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
(R-C(=O)-O-R' |
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Functional group make-up: Ethers
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Oxygen between two R groups
R-O-R' |
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Functional group make-up: amines
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Organic molecules that can be considered derivatives of ammonia (NH3).
Primary (R-NH2) Secondary (R-N(-H)-R') Tertiary (R-N(-R')-R") |
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Functional group make-up: amides
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Amine derivatives of carboxylic acids (R-C(=O)-N-R2)
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Functional group make-up: thiol
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sp3 carbon is bonded to a sulfhydryl group (-SH)
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SN1
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Substitution reaction in two steps:
1. Carbocation forms as the leaving group (a stable ion or a neutral molecule) is displaced 2. Nucleophile attacks the electrophilic cation to form the product Can create two isomers (regular and inverted) |
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SN2
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No carbocation intermediate. One step.
1. As the nucleophile attacks an electrophilic carbon that has been polarized by an electronegative atom, the leaving group leaves. Inverted product |
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E1
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1. Carbocation formation
2. Weak base abstracts a proton from a carbon next to the carbocation, yielding a double bond Must have a hydrogen on neighboring carbon! |
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E2
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1. Simultaneous removal of a Beta-proton by a strong base and release of the leaving group (beta-proton is bonded to the carbon adjacent to the carbon with the leaving group)
BETA-HYDROGEN AND LEAVING GROUP MUST BE ANTICIPLANAR |
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E1cb
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Elimination unimolecular conjugate base
1. removal of a proton from the reactant to form a carnation 2. Loss of leaving group |
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Functional group make-up: alkene
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R-C=C-R'
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Functional group make-up: alkene
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R2-C=C-R2
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Functional group make-up: alkyne
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R-C(triple bond)C-R'
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Amino Acid
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Amino group, carboxyl group, and R group
Building block of proteins (proteins are made up of one ore more polypeptides, which are long complex polymers made of amino acids) |