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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Clean microscope with?
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Cotton swabs, 95% ethyl alcohol or water
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Compound microscope
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Has 2 sets of lenses (ocular lens + objective lense)
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A microscope with two ocular lenses is called a __?
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Binocular microscope
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The magnification provided by the eyepiece or ocular lens can range from ____ to __?
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8x to 12x
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Define Resolution
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the ability to produce a sharp image between of two points such that both points can still be distinguished from each other
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Another name for the eye piece?
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Ocular lens
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Highest power objective lens is called?
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‘oil immersion’ lens
(used with a drop of high quality, clear, immersion oil between the lens and the specimen to cut down on light scattering and thus to improve resolution of the image) |
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What is the iris diaphragm
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opens and closes the amount of light
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What is the condenser
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controls focusing the light from source below to lens above (by condenser knob)
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What do the focusing knobs do?
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larger coarse focus adjustment and a smaller fine focus adjustment (move the stage up and down)
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What does Parfocal mean?
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once a specimen is focused under low power, it is partially (‘par-‘) focused at all the rest of the magnifications.
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µM to mM
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1000 microns (µm) in a millimeter (mm)
a field of view that is 5 mm is 5000 microns. |
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What is ProtoSlow?
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(soluble cellulose fibers) can be added if you note many fast-moving cells.
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Elodea leaf.
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Elodea is a flowering pond plant whose leaves are one to two cells thick.
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An image of the plant cell under low power, compared to the image of the same plant cell under high power, would be
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larger and in a brighter field of view
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Field of view at 40x magnification
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(4x objective + 10x occular)
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The maximum magnification on your light microscope is?
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1000x (10 x 100)
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meniscus
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the curved boundary between the water and the air
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Remember that when you use a graduated cylinder, the volume is read by...
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looking at the bottom of the meniscus
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When should numbers be put into scientific notation?
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When number is 10 or LARGER or SMALLER than 1
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Mega
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M 1,000,000 10^6 Million
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Kilo
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1,000 10^3 Thousand
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Hecto
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h 100 10^2 Hundred
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Deca
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da 10 10^1 Ten
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Deci
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d 0.1 10^-1 Tenth
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Centi
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c 0.01 10^-2 Hundredth
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Milli
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m 0.001 10^-3 Thousandth
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Micro
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µ 0.000001 10^-6 Millionth
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Nano-
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n 0.000000001 10^-9 Billionth
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Distance between micro, milli, ‘one’ and kilo
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The distance between each of them is 1000 (103)!
1 meter = 1000 mm (millimeters) = 1 million µm (micrometers) |
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P1000
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delivers 1 mL max (1000microL)
and accurately down to 100 µl |
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P200
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delivers 200 µl max
and accurately down to 10 µl |
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P20
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delivers 20 µL max
and accurately down to 1 µl |
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P2
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delivers 2 µl max
and accurately down to 0.1 µl |
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What is a SpectroVis spectrophotometer
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Device that can produce a spectral scan (Absorbance vs. Wavelength) and measure the absorbance of liquids
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What are the 2 categorize of Simple sugars?
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monosaccharides or disaccharides
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What are Dietary monosaccharides examples?
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glucose, galactose, and fructose
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Common dietary disaccharides
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lactose (‘milk sugar’= glu-gal),
maltose (‘malt sugar’= glu-glu) and sucrose (‘table sugar’ = glu-fru). |
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Benedict's test
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test for identifying simple sugars (monosaccharide and some disaccharides)
adding Benedict's solution to a food substance to be tested and boiling gently |
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Sugars that are identified by Benedict’s reagent are called?
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‘reducing sugars’
.....they have a carbonyl group (C=O either as an aldehyde or a ketone) as part of their molecular structure. |
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How what reacts with what in a Benedit Test?
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Copper Sufate + sugar electron = cuprous oxide
Benedict's solution contains copper sulfate, which reacts with electrons from the aldehyde or ketone group of the reducing sugar to form cuprous oxide, a red-brown precipitate |
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A positive Benedict's sugar test
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orange to brick-red color
the intensity of the color reflecting the amount of sugar present |
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reducing sugars include.....
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All monosaccharides and only some of the disaccharides have exposed carbonyl groups, and are thus reducing sugars
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What is Splenda?
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(sucralose)
- a molecule of sucrose that is modified by replacing 3 of the –OH groups in sucrose with 3 Cl atoms. |
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Why will Polysaccharides not react in Benedict’s test?
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Polysaccharides (like starch or cellulous) lack free carbonyl groups
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‘complex carbohydrate’
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refers to carbohydrate polymers larger than disaccharides.
(found in foods like include pastas, starchy vegetables and fruits such as potatoes, rice and corn, whole grains, cereals, and dried beans.) |
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two main types of kinds of polysaccharides
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amylose and amylopectin (plant starches are composed of these)
Both are composed of a-glucose monomers linked together |
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Amylose polymers structure.....
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Amylose polymers (starches) tend to be long and fairly unbranched coils (helical) of a-glucose.
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Glycogen structure
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highly branched a-glucose polymer (Animals store glucose in this form)
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What enzyme begins the digestion of carbs?
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amylases (first in salivary glands, then in pancreas and small intestines)
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Test to detect starches?
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Lugol's iodine test
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What is the chemical interaction in the Lugol's iodine test?
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KI (Potassium iodide) reacts with the starch molecule to form a deep blue/brown to dark purple (nearly black) color product.
For iodine test to work, the amylose must be present (so the test cannot test if there is no starch, but only if there is + or – amylose) |
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Positive Lugol Iodine test result?
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deep blue/brown to dark purple (nearly black) color product.
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Limit to Lugol Iodine test for starch?
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ForThe amylose must be present
(so the test cannot test if there is no starch, but only if there is + or – amylose) |
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How does the Lugol’s iodine test work?
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Molecules of iodine fit into the coiled chain of the glucose polymer Amylose and result this color change in the presence of starch.
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In Lugol’s iodine test, foods that stain blue = ___?
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Foods that are high in amylopectin
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In Lugol’s iodine test, foods immediately stain dark purple (or sometimes brown or black) = ___?
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= high in amylose
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OIL RIGS (acronym)
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Oxidation
Is Loss (of electrons) Reduction Is Gain (of electrons) |
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Reducing agent
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loses its electrons to another compound (reducing it), so it itself becomes oxidized
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Oxidizing Agent
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gains electrons from another compound (oxidizing it), so it itself becomes reduced.
(or think of reduction as the loss, reduction, of electrons) |
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Limits to Lugol’s iodine test
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The test cannot see if there are NO sugars, but if there are no reducing sugars
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Where does the digestion of lipids primarily occur?
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Small intestine
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What is the process of lipid digestion?
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(a) BILE produced in liver breaks down lipids into smaller droplets
Then (b) the pancreatic enzyme LIPASE breaks it down further for absorption. |
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Common structure of Lipids
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A glycerol “head” + hydrophobic fatty acid “tails”.
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How does the Sudan IV test work?
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Lipids absorb the color......
Use of the fat-soluble dye, Sudan IV. Lipids absorb the fat-soluble Sudan IV pigments, producing a red color as a positive test. In the centrifuge, separation will occur, a fat layer |
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Was vegetable oil a + Sudan IV test?
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Yes
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Diacylglycerides
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Lipids with two fatty acid chains attached to a phosphorylated glycerol head or PHOSPHOLIPIDS
(make up the fluid boundary between cells and their environment, called a phospholipid bilayer) |
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Triacylgylcerides Structure
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(fats and oils) have three fatty acid tails connected to the glycerol head by dehydration synthesis.
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What are all proteins made of?
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chains of amino acids
(folded into a 3-dimensional conformation that is crucial to the function of that protein.) |
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How are amino acids linked?
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-Covalent bonds called peptide bonds
-NH3 + COOH Form between the NH3 (amino) from of one amino acid to the COOH (carboxylic acid) group of another, eventually forming a protein, or polypeptide chain. |
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How many of the c. 20 essential amino acids can humans make?
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Over half of the ~20 amino acids needed for protein synthesis
-the other 9 ‘essential’ amino acids must be obtained from our diet |
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What are enzymes in the stomach and small intestine (respectively) break down proteins to separate amino acids?
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Tripsin (stomach) and Pepsin (small intestines)
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What is the protein test and what gives a positive?
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Biuret Test
2 or more adjacent peptide bonds |
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What is a positive Biuret test?
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violet/purple complex (the more the darker)
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What in the Biuret test reacts with the peptide bonds?
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COPPER SALTS in the Biuret reagent.
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A key feature at the boundary of all living cells – like yours – is the presence of a ___?
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selectively permeable lipid bilayer.
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What are examples of the lipid bilayer’s selectivity?
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Allows diffusion of some small molecules, (CO2, O2, some salts and ions)
restricts the passage of other large, polar, or charged molecules (water, proteins, glucose, some salts and ions). |
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What is dialysis tubing made of?
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a synthetic, selectively permeable cellulose material
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What is the barium chloride (BaCl2) test for?
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Sulfate Ion (SO4-)
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What is the Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Test for?
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Chloride ion (Cl2)
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What is a positive Silver Nitrate Test?
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milky-white precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl) indicates the presence of chloride ions (Cl2).
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What is + Barium Chloride Test?
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White precipitate of barium sulfate (BaSO4) will form.
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In the lab did any of the molecules pass through the dialysis bag?
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Albumin, Starch, Glucose, Sulfate – NO
Chloride ion + (on some tests) |