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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
After the pollen tube forms, the sperm form from ____ cells and enter the ___. This is guided by the chemicals of ___ cells.
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generative, micropyle, synergid
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During double fertilization, both the embryo and ___ form.
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endosperm
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After fertilization, the ___ is the seed, and the ___ is the fruit.
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ovule, ovary
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The ___ develops first through several rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis and makes a multinucleate. These cells later produce a cell wall and become stiffer
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endosperm
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In some eudicots, nutrients in endosperm is taken up by the ___ before the seed is mature. This leaves the endosperm distinct from the embryo/cotyledons.
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cotyledon
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The first eudicot cell division is ___. This produces a __ cell and a ___ cell.
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asymmetric, basal, terminal
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The ___ cell creates a chain of cells known as the ___ in eudicots. This serves to attach to the embryo to parental tissue and transfer nutrients from endosperm to embryo.
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basal, suspensor
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The ___ cell gives rise to most of the embryo in eudicots. It initially creates a globular ball of cells known as the ___. This structure differentiates into a heart-shaped embryo and the bumps are cotyledons.
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terminal, proembryo
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In the proembryo of eudicots, the root and shoot ___ are visible. The __ is towards the top of the heart, and the ___ is towards the bottom of the heart.
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apical meristems, shoot, root
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Growth of the embryo elongates the __-__ axis.
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apical-basal
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Seed maturation involves ___ and ___. The seed coat is formed from the ___ which surrounded the ovule.
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dessication, dormancy, integuments
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___ fruits develop from a single carpel.
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simple
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___ fruits are a cluster of fruits from separate carpels in same flower.
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aggregate
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___ fruits are formed from multiple carpels on multiple flowers. ___ is the term used to describe group of flowers tightly clustered together.
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multiple, inflorescence
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In ___ fruits, the tissue besides the ovary contribute major portions.
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accessory
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In a bean, the ___ are swollen. The embryonic root is the __ and the embryonic stem below the cotyledons is the __. The ___ is the portion of the stem above the cotyledons.
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cotyledons, radicle, hypocotyl, epicotyl
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In a castor bean, the __ is still present at maturity.
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endosperm
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In a maize seed, the ___ is a specialized cotyledon for absorbing endosperm during germination.
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scutellum
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The maize seed has protective structures ___ and ___.
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coleoptile, coleorhiza
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During germination, the ___ forms a hook for protection of the shoot apical meristem.
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hypocotyl
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The __ is the reservoir of dormant seeds in the environment.
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seed bank
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Germination is triggered by the uptake of water by dried seeds known as __.
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imbibition
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A __ is an above ground stem that allows for asexual reproduction.
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stolon
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A __ is a below ground stem that allows for asexual reproduction.
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rhizome
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During __ a detached piece of organism can form a complete adult.
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fragmentation
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Root and shoot apical meristems forom from ___ cells during fragmentation.
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parenchyma
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__ is the asexual production of a seed.
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apomixis
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__ is the formation of a female gametophyte without meiosis.
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apomeiosis
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___ is fertilization independent embryo development.
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parthenogenesis
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Apomixis requires __, __, and __.
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apomeiosis, parthenogenesis, and fertilization independent endosperm formation
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In ___ apomixis, pseudo-gametophyte is formed.
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gametophtyic
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In ___ apomixis, the embryo is formed without a gametophyte-like structure.
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sporophytic
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In ___ of gametophytic apomixis, a diploid megaspore forms because of no meiosis.
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diplospory
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In ___ of gametophytic apomixis, an unusual tissue prodices a diploid megaspore through mitosis.
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apospory
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In ___ apomixis, the adventitious production of embryos forms without a gametophyte-like structure.
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sporophytic
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___ allows for two dfferent plants to be joined together. There is no immune rejection in plants, so this can occur. The __ donates the roots and the __ donates the rest of the plant.
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grafting, stock, scion
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In vitro cloning - __ are formed by removing the cell walls and an undifferentiated ball of __ cells known as a callus will form.
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protoplast, parenchyma
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In ___, or hybrid vigor, progeny resulting from cross of two different inbred lines are much more productive.
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heterosis
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Studies with the plant ____ have identified some genes that control apomixis.
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arabidopsis thaliana
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In phototropism, light is perceived at the __ of the coleoptile.
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tip
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The hormone that causes phototropism is ___ known as ___.
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water soluble, auxin
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Auxin in its natural form is known as ___ and derived from the amino acid ___.
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IAA, tryptophan
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Auxin is pumped in one direction between ___ cells by auxin efflux proteins (known as polar transport) and causes the acidification of the cell wall.
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parenchyma
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Cytokinins are derived from ___ and are produced by growing tissues in the root. They act in concert with auxin and simulate the growth of ___.
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adenine, lateral buds
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Cytokinins stimulate ___.
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cell division
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___ promote cell elongation and division. They also play a critical role in germination and are produced by embryos upon imbibition.
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gibberellins
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___ is a hormone that slows growth and plays role in seed dormancy and drought tolerance. It causes the guard cells to expand closing the stomata
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abscisic acid (ABA)
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___ is a gaseous hormone causes the "triple response." This results in ___, ___, and ___. It also plays a major role in fruit ripening.
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slowing of stem elongation, thickening of stem, and curvature of stem
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Phototropism depends on the perception of __ light.
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blue
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__ light encourages seed germination while ___ light prevents seed germination.
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red, far-red
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The ___ is the major photoreceptor for red/far-red light in plants.
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phytochrome
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The phytochrome has two ___ portions that capture light. The kinase activity domain activates biological responses when light is perceived.
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chromophore
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In the phytochrome, red-light stimulates___ synthesis and far-red light stimulates ___ synthesis.
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P-fr, P-r
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The ___ form of phytochrome is responsible for seed germination and other processes.
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P-fr
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In shade, ___ filters through.
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far-red light
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___ plants flower when the night exceeds the day and ___ plants flower when the day exceeds the night.
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short-day, long-day
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Photoperiodism is mediated by ___ perception.
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far-red
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In plant immunity, the pathogen is recognized by specific ___ in most plant cells. This recognition often leads to ___ where programmed cell death occurs with the production of toxic compounds.
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R-gene, hypersensitive response
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Most plant viruses use RNA instead of DNA which is recognized by ___.
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RNA - interference
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Plants burn ATP to have ___ charge inside plant cells.
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negative
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____ use membrane potential or proton gradient to regulate the solute flow. ___ occurs when molecule must enter cell against the membrane potential.
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transport proteins, co-transport
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___ transport is outside of cytoplasm and ___ transport is inside of the cytoplasm.
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apoplastic, symplastic
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The ___ route is from cell wall to cytoplasm transport.
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transmembrane
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Long distance flow occurs via either the ___ or ___.
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xylem or phloem
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___ cells near the tips of roos absorb most water and minerals. The walls of endodermis have a waxy barrier called the ___.
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epiermal, casparian strip
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There is no apoblastic entry into the ___. (also known as the stele)
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vascular bundle
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Water transport occurs in the ___ and depends on both ___ and ___.
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xylem, root pressure, transpiration
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___ occurs because of active transport of solute into vascular tissue (also termed guttation.
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root pressure
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The ___ pull of water depends on adhension, cohesion, and surface tension.
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transporational
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Transpiration occurs within a film of water in the cell walls of leaf __ cells. It causes a negative pressure potential because of surface tension of water.
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mespohyll
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___ is the failure of cohesion because of the formation of a vapor bubble. It is more likely to occur in vessel elements.
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cavitation
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Guard cell turgor is controlled by the regulation of ___ uptake.
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K+ (potassium)
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Transport in the ___ is always from source to sink. (However, the two can switch.)
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phloem sap
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Sugars move from the mesophyll cells to lower concentration cells via ___ pathway. ATP is burned if sugars are to be pumped into seive tube elements or companion cell if move via ___ pathway.
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symplast, apoplast
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The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis states at the source the solute potential ___ and water rushes __ the pressure. Sugar is withdrawn at the sink and water enters xylem.
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decreases, increasing
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In photosynthesis, the oxygen byproduct is drawn from the ___ reactant and the water/sugar oxygen is drawm from the __ reactant.
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water, carbon dioxide
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The ___ use photons to create energy carrier molecules __ and ___.
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light reactions, ATP, NADPH
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The ___ burn ATP and NADPH to reduce __ to ___.
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dark reactions, carbon dioxide, carbohydrates
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__ is the main pigment, while __ and __ are accessory pigments.
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chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
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Most photons are absorbed in the __ and __ range of the visible spectrum.
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blue and red
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Chloroplast is a double membrane organelle with thykaloid membranes as well. The __ is between the double membrane and thykaloid. Thykaloids are in stacks called ___.
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stroma, granum
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During photosynthesis, light absorption pushes ___ to unoccupied, higher orbitals. The excited state quickly collapses releasing __ and __.
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electrons, heat, flourescence
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The excitation of electrons can be spread among adjacent chlorophylls/accessory pigments and i known as ___.
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light-harvesting complex
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Only a special pair of molecules actually transfers an electron to an ___.
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primary electron acceptor
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A ___ is a complex of proteins and pigments embedded in the thykaloid membrane.
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photosystem
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Electrons from the splitting of __ are excited and oxygen is released. The excited electrons jump to the primary acceptor.
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water
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In photosystem II, electrons are transported on the ETC and provide energy to synthesize ___.
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ATP
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Light excites photosystem I, and the electrons for this are from ___.
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ETC of photosystem II
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The excited electrons of photosystem I are transferred to ___ and used to synthesize __.
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NADP+ reductase, NADPH
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In the synthesis of ATP, the ___ bonds are high energy.
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phosphodiester
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ATP synthesis in photosynthesis occurs by transfer of __ across the membrane.
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H+
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Energy of NADPH production is stored as a __ power.
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reducing
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Photosystem II's best wavelength is __nm and Photosystem I's best wavelength is __nm.
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680, 700
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Cyclic electron flow occurs with electrons from cytochrome complex to __ to photosystem I to __ to complex.
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Pc, Fd
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Calvin Cycle uses reducing power of ___ and the energy of ___.
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NADPH, ATP
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During carbon fixation, 3 __ and 3- 5-carbon ___ combine to form 3 six-carbon molecules. This is done by the enzyme ___.
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CO2, RuBP, Rubisco
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After the first 3- six carbon molecules are formed of the Calvin Cycle, the energy from ___ is used to activate the molecules into 6 three carbon molecules.
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ATP
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___ is used to convert the activated 6 three carbon molecules to 6 three carbon ___ molecules. One of these molecules is used to produce sugar and the other 5 continue the cycle.
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NADPH, G3P
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The 5 leftover G3P are then converted to 3 five carbon ___ via the burning of ___.
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RuBP, ATP
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Per carbon dioxide fixed, 3 __ and 2 __ are used.
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ATP, NADPH
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___ is the process where rubisco uses oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.
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photorespiration
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In C4 plants the ___ surrounds vein between vein and mesophyll cells.
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bundle sheath
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In C4 plants, ___ combines 3 c acceptor with CO2. This is specific to __ cells.
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PEP carboxylase, mesophyll
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The 4C compound formed from PEP carboxylase is shuttled to bundle sheath cells where it is disassembled to release __ and ___.
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CO2 and 3C compound
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The Calvin Cycle in C4 plants is restricted to the __ cells.
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bundle sheath
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The bundle sheath cells lack ___ and therefore do not produce O2.
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PSII
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In CAM plants the __ open at night and allow gas exchange. The __ is then stored as a storage molecule.
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stomata, CO2
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There are ___ nutrients necessary in plants. N, K, and P are ___ and Ca, Mg, and S are ___.
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15, primary, secondary
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Artificial production of ammonia is known as the ___. It requires the input of 8 ATP.
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Haber Process
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__ is the process by which oxygen is decreased in lakes because of fertilizer.
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eutrophication
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Majority of the atmosphere is ___. However it must be reduced in order to get it into a usable form.
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N2 (nitrogen)
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___ reduce N2 gas and release it as NH3.
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nitrogen fixing baceria
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Bacteria that oxidize NH4+ include __ which produce NO2- and __ that produce NO3-.
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nitrosomonas, nitrobacer
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In soil NH3 is converted to NH4.
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yes
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NO3- is converted back to atmospheric N2 by ___.
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denitrifying bacteria.
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In nitrogen fixing bacteria, the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation is ____.
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nitrogenase
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Nitrogenase is very sensitive to ___.
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oxygen
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Symbiosis in legume plants involve root nodules with ___ bacteria.
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rhizobium
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The root nodule of legumes must maintain low O2 for nitrogenase to work correctly. This is achieved by making a ___ which surrounds the infected cells. Also, infected nodules produce ___ that scavenges free O2.
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permeability barrier, leghemoglobin
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