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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 functions of bones
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support/protect
lever muscles blood cell production calcium storage lipid storage |
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what provides tensile strength in bones?
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collagen fibers (like steel rods)
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what provides compressional strength in bones?
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calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxylapatite
calcium carbonate |
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hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis
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formation of blood cells in red bone marrow
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function of yellow bone marrow
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stores triglycerides
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importance of calcium?
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blood clotting
muscle contraction release of neurotransmitters & hormones intracellular signaling element |
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diaphysis
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shaft of the bone
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examples of long bones
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humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
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examples of short bones
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bones in wrist & ankle
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examples of flat bones
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skull, ribs, scapulae
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examples of irregular bones
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vertebrae
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examples of round/sesamoid bones
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some bones in wrist
patella (knee-cap) |
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epiphyses
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end of long bones, covered by layer of articular cartilage
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articular cartilage
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thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses (ends of long bones)
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periosteum
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dense irregular connective tissue covering surface of diaphysis (bone shaft)
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wall of diaphysis is made of?
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compact bone
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functional unit of compact bone
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osteon
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epiphyses made of?
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spongy bone
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red bone marrow found where?
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spongy bone
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medullary cavity
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hollow center of long bone shaft
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endosteum
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cell lining of medullary cavity; contains blood vessels
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yellow marrow found where?
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in medullary cavity
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intramembranous ossification
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occurs in fibrous connective tissue
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endochondral ossification
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occurs in hyaline cartilage
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process of ossification
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synthesis of collagen fibers by osteoblasts followed by calcium phosphate deposition on fibers
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intramembranous bones
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skull, mandible, clavicle
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osteoblasts
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bone forming cells
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osteoprogenitor cells
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osteoblasts differentiate from these
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osteocytes
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bone forming cells in lacunae
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summarize process of endochondral ossification
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-cartilage bone covered in perichondrium
-periosteal collar forms; primary ossification center develops; marrow cavity appears -blood vessels invade from perichondrium; cartilage model grows at ends -periosteal collar grows due to osteoblast activity; secondary ossification centers appear at the epiphyses -hyaline cartilage remains in epiphyseal plate -osteoclasts enlarge marrow cavity |
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remodeling
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replacement of old bone tissue
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osteoclasts
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dissolve bone
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factors affecting bone growth
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nutrition (vitamins & minerals)
hormones exercise aging |
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minerals needed for bones
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calcium
phosphorus boron manganese |
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vitamins needed for bones
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vitamin D
vitamin A (for bone resorption) vitamin C (for collagen formation) |
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rickets & osteomalacia
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calcium deficiency leading to weak & deformed bones
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growth hormone
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released by anterior pituitary gland & promotes growth of cartilage at epiphyseal disk
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calcitonin
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secreted by thyroid gland
not very important in humans |
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sex hormones
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promotes closure of epiphyseal disks
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parathyroid hormone
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secreted by parathyroid gland; increases amount of calcium ions in blood; stimulates bone resporption
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thyroid hormones
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stimulate bone resorption
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osteoporosis
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excessive loss of bone mass and mineral content
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zygomatic
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cheek bone
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hyoid bone
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in the neck held in place by muscles & ligaments
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atlas
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first vertebra; supports head
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axis
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second vertebra; allows head to pivot
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odontoid process
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projection of the axis that allows it to rotate
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structure of vertebrae
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thick part- body
attachment sites- spinous & transverse processes |
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sternum structure (3 parts)
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upper manubrium
middle elongated body lower xiphoid process |
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axial skeleton
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skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, vertebral column
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appendicular skeleton
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pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
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pubic symphysis
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slightly movable joint between two pubic bones
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union of 3 segments of pelvic girdle is at?
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acetabulum
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calcaneus
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largest of the tarsals- heel bone
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coxa
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hip bone
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cranium bones
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one frontal, two temporal, two parietal, one each occipital, sphenoid, & ethmoid
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facial bones
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maxilla, mandible, zygomatic
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middle ear bones
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malleus, incus, stapes
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bones in vertebral column
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7 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral which form sacrum 4 coccygeal which form coccyx |
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bones of thoracic cage
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14 true ribs
10 false ribs (2 floating) sternum |
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pectoral girdle
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clavicle
scapula |
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pelvic girdle bones
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ilium (hipbone)
ischium (butt bone) pubis (anterior) |
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leg bones
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tibia
fibula patella femur |
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hand bones
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8 carpal
5 metacarpal 14 phalanges |
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foot bones
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7 tarsal (ankle)
5 metatarsal 14 phalanges |
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arm bones
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humerus
radius ulna |
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joint classification (degree of movement)
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synarthrosis (immovable)
ampiarthrosis (slightly movable) diarthrosis (free movement) |
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joint classification (based on structure)
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fibrous (little movement)
cartilaginous (some movement) synovial (free movement) |
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fibrous joints
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bones in close contact
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example of fibrous joints
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syndesmosis (tibia & fibula)
suture (skull) gomphosis (teeth) |
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cartilaginous joints
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bones connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage
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subtypes of cartilaginous joints
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synchondrosis (ex: rib to sternum)
symphysis (ex: intervertebral disks) |
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synovial joint
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bones capped with articular cartilage to reduce friction
joint capsule synovial membrane synovial cavity lubricated with synovial fluid |
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describe joint capsule in synovial joint
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outer layer of dense irr. connective tissue attaches to periosteum
inner layer of loose connective tissue = synovial membrane |
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seven types of synovial joints
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ball-and-socket
condyloid/ellipsoidal gliding hinge pivot saddle bicondylar |
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bicondylar joint (example)
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only one = knee joint
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condyloid (example)
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in wrist
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gliding (example)
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in wrist
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saddle (example)
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where thumb connects to wrist
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hinge (example)
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phalanges
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ball & socket (example)
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acetabulum (hip socket)
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pivot joint (example)
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radius & ulna articulation
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View Diagrams on Pages 98, 100, & 101
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