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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neutralization
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blocks viral binding sites; coats bacteria and/or opsonization (neutralized the enemy)
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Agglutination
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clumping/ immobilizing
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Precipitation
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precipitation of soluble antigens
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Complex fixation
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activation of complement-holes
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Oncogenes
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mutants of proto-oncogenes (proto-oncogenes initiate the cell cycle stages). Oncogenes are rogue and can promote cancer development
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Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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halt or slow the cell cycle
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P53
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is produced in response to DNA damage, halts cell cycle activation of other genes, pauses the cell cycle to allow for repair
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First Line
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Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers i.e. skin and mucous
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Second Line
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phagocytic WBCs, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response
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Third Line
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Lymphocytes (B and T) and Antibodies
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Phagocytes
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basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
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Neutrophils
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1st responders
"suicide bombers" through apoptosis Release granules to kill microbes |
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Macrophages
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Big eater of waste (usually neutrphil remain)
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Eosinophil
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punches holes into larger molecules to break them down
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Natural Killer Cells
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lymphocyte subtype, increase phagocyte activity and lyse targets via perforins
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The Complement System
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1st Pathway--> Classical pathway (BIG MAC attack where proteins on a bad cell attract macrophages)
2nd Pathway--> alternate (no antibodies) |
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Clotting factors
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help seal off infection and prevent spread
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Antigens
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foreign substance (bacteria, prokaryotes, etc.)
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Clonal Theory
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an antigen chooses some B-cell and starts to mass produce antibodies and releasing them into the blood
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What do mothers pass on through their breast milk and placenta?
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antibodies
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Effector Cells
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short lived (only a few days), Immediate response (Tc,Tb,Bp)
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Memory Cells
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live for decades, retain ability to begin dividing on short term
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Functions of Antibodies
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1. Neutralization
2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation 4. Complex Fixation |
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Neutralization
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blocks viral binding site; coats bacteria
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Agglutination
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clumping or immobilizing
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Precipitation
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precipitation of soluble antigens
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Complex fixation
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activation of complement-holes
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Epitope
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specific part ("flag") on an antigen that the immune system recognizes
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Cytokines
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produced by immune system for communication between immune system cells
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Chemokines
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a type of cytokine that attracts other immune system cells to the site of damage
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Interleukins
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cytokines between leukocytes (IL-1, IL-2)
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Histamine
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causes dilation of capillaries
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B-cells
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stop autoimmune diseases and tag things for death
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Two Humoral Responses
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T-Independent Antigens or
T-Dependent Antigens |
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T-Independent Antigens
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proteins on bacterial surfaces directly recognized by B-cells and Immune Memory will not result
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T-Dependent Antigens
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• Intracellular Antigens
• Involves many more steps • Involves Th cells (T-helper cells) • Results in Immune Memory |
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T-cells
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bind to a piece of the antigen presented on the surface of an antigen presenting cell
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Interleukin 1
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“Lymphocytic activating factor” –cytokine released by macrophages and stimulates Th to produce IL-2
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Interleukin 2
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“T-cell growth factor” –produced by Th cells, stimulates: growth and division of Th, T and B to make memory cells, Tc cells to proliferate, NKC to proliferate, Increased phagocytic activity of macrophages
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Vaccines
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teach immune system by giving dead (flu) or attenuated (may give symptoms) pathogen to practice on (virus or bacteria)
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Autoimmune Diseases
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-Systemic Lupus
-MS -Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Immunodeficiency Disorders
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-HIV/AIDS
-SCID -Allergies |