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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What characteristics do plants growing in darkness have?
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Shoots with pale stems
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Etolation
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plant goes from pale stem to turning into a photosynthetic plant
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The 3 stages of the Greening Response
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Reception of Light,
Transduction, Response |
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Reception of Light
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Exposure of only a few seconds of light. Phytochrome is the receptor pigment. Pfr turns into Pr.
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Transduction
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2nd messenger cGMP amplifies the initial signal, and new phytochrome config acts w/ GTP. GTP interacts w/ activating proteins to become cGMP
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Response
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GMP stimulates transcription genes, or activates stored proteins. The amplified message either stimulates RNA transcription or activates existing enzymes that are stored in cell
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Plant Hormones
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Typically small molecules capable of moving across cell walls. Control cell division
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Auxin
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Promotes coleoptile elongation.
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Gibberellins
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Stimulates cell wall elongation. Work with auxin. Released by embryos.
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Absicissic Acid
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Prevents germination in mature seeds. Desert seeds mush be washed to sprout.
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Ethylene
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Works with auxin to control leaf absicission.
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Brassinosteriods
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Hormones that are like animals hormones but in plants
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Phytochromes
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Light receptors in plants that regulate reception of light. Has 2 isomers Pr and Pfr.
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Alkaloids
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neurotoxin steroid,
milkweed |
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Terpenoids and Terpenes
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low nitrogen,
high light exposure, pine sap, |
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Phenolics
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no nitrogen,
tannis and lignins |
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Fungi General Info
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heterotrophic decomposer,
external digesters, diverged from plant line, cell walls of chitin, |
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Fungi Phylum Zygomycota
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Rhizopus,
Bread mold, hyphae penetrate food to digest it, sexual |
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Fungi Phylum Ascomycota
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mycelia,
asexual spores not encased, sexual spores in asci, sac fungi |
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Fungi Phylum Basidomycota
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mushrooms
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Ectomycorrhiza
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increasing absorption abilities of roots by 1000x, not invading cell wall
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Endomycorrhiza
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increasing absorption abilities by 1000x times, invades cell wall
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Endophytic Fungi
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invade above ground tissues
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Crustose
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encrusting lichen
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Foliose
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leaf life lichen
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Fruiticose
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shrub like
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Lichen Reproduction
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can reproduce asexually by fragmentation, also asexual spores
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Ectoderm
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digestive tract, liver, lungs
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Mesoderm
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muscles, between digestive tract and outer covering
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Coelomates
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body cavity forms withing mesoderm
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Pseudocoelomates
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body cavity forms between endoderm and mesoderm
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Acoelomates
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no body cavity
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Protostomes
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mouth forms first,
have spiral determinant cleavage, 8 cell stage cant clone |
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Deuterostomes
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anus forms first,
radial indeterminant cleavage, 8 cell stage able to clone |
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Cnidarians
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polyp or medusa,
primitive muscle, has grastula |
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Plathyhelminthes
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simplest bilateral symmetric,
simplest digestive tract, no body cavity |
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Cheliceriforma
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horseshoe crab,
arachnids |
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Crustaceans
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pill bugs,
shrimp, crayfish, crabs |
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Myrrapods
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millipedes,
centipedes |
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Insecta
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6 legs,
metamorphosis |
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Complete Bugs
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flies,
beetles, butterflies/moths, bees, wasps, ants |
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Incomplete Bugs
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water striders,
dragonflies, cockroaches |
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Echinodermata
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radial symmetry,
several arms |
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Asteroidea
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Echinodermata,
starfish |
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Brittle Star
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Echinodermata,
visible central disk, starfish like |
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Operculum
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muscle controlled so that sharks and certain fish can break while not moving
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Amniotic Egg
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4 membranes
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exothermic
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cold blooded
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endothermic
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warm blooded
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Amniotic Egg Layer Chorion
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exchanges gases between embryo and air
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Amniotic Egg Layer Allantois
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storage of metabolic wastes and aids in respiration
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Amniotic Egg Layer Amnion
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defines a fluid filled sac that protects embryo
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Amniotic Egg LayerYolk Sac
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contains yolk
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Monotremes
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egg laying mammals,
embryo hatches and crawls to mammary glands |
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Marsupials
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birth embryos,
no eggs, crawl to pouch |
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Placentals
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humans
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Perissodactyla
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odd numbered toes mammals,
horses, rhinos, tapirs |
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Insectivora
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bats
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Cetaceans
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whales, dolphins
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Primata
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humans
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Artiodactyls
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even toed animals,
pigs, camels, hippos |
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Cytokinins
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Only in presence of auxin. Help w/ cell elongation
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Cytokinin = auxin
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Cells grow
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Cytokinin > auxin
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shoots develop
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Cytokinin < auxin
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shoots don't develop
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Human Kingdom
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Animalia
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Human Phylum
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Chordata
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Human Class
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Mammalia
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Human Order
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Primata
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Human Family
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Hominids
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1st Step of Auxin
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Passes through parenchymal tissues
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2nd Step of Auxin
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Stimulates membrane protein pumps
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3rd Step of Auxin
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Acidifies cell walls, stimulates expansins
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4th Step of Auxin
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Water uptake causes cells to elongate
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