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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Attitude |
a consistent evaluation (judgment) a person makes about an object, a person, a group, an event, or issue that involves a reaction (likes, dislikes and non-involvement) |
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Tri-component model |
Affective. Behavioural. Cognitive. |
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Tri-component model ABC definitions |
Affective - emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object….. Behavioural - Way attitude is expressed through our actions/behaviour. Cognitive Component - Beliefs we have about an object, person, event or issue based on what we know and experiences. |
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Limitations of Tri-component Model |
components of an attitude are inconsistent (some psychologist think only affective and cognitive component exists as a person’s behaviour doesn’t always reflect their attitude. |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
Aware of inconsistencies within our attitudes (behave different from way we actually believe we should behave) feel psychological tension or uncomfortable. |
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Factors Influencing Attitude Formation |
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observation Learning/Modeling |
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Classical Conditioning |
Learning process involving association of 2 different stimuli. Unconditioned stimulus (e.g: hungry eat food) is paired with neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. |
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Operant Conditioning (Rewards and Punishments) |
Learning process involving repetition of a behaviour/attitude when there is a desirable consequence and non-repetition when there is an undesirable consequence. |
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Observation Learning/Modeling: |
Observing another person’s (model) behaviour and their consequences to guide future thought, feelings and behaviors. The person observed is the role model. |
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Stereotypes |
A collection of beliefs that we haves about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of differences among members of that group. |
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Stereotyping |
the process of grouping or ‘fitting’ people into a category based on what we call as stereotyping. |
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How can stereotypes be helpful? |
Stereotypes help us to make sense of our world by giving it order. They provide us with a general system which guides our interactions with others. |
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Problems with stereotypes |
1) can be inaccurate. 2) Can lead to stigmatisation (stigma: negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labeled in that way. Can refer to groups of people. e.g: race). |
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Prejudice |
Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual's membership of a social group. |
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Discrimination |
Discrimination is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc. |
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Ingroup |
any group that you belong to or identify with. |
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Outgroup |
any group you do not belong to or identify. |
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Intergroup Conflict |
Occurs when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by both groups. |
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Attributions |
Process of trying to explain behaviour in terms of particular cause. Internal: internal factors, blame ourselves. External: behaviour to external (environmental) factors.
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Attributions a) fundamental attribution error: |
Gilbert & Malone (1996) and Ross (1977) found people tend to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics. |
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Attributions b) Just world hypothesis: |
based on a belief that people get what they deserve. |
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Factors that may reduce prejudice |
-Intergroup contact -Sustained contact -Mutual interdependence -Superordinate goals -Equality of Status -Cognitive Interventions |