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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the causes of "classic" lobar pneumonia?
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Pneumococcus
Klebsiella |
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What are the s/s "classic" pneumonia?
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Sudden fever
Cough Sputum Dyspnea |
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What is the most frequent type of pneumonia in young adults (college)?
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Atypical pneumonia
(viral or mycoplasma) |
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What is the difference for atypical pneumonia?
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Gradual onset
Dry, non-productive cough Minimal signs of pulmonary involvement Prominent extrapulmonary symptoms (myalgia) Prominent CXR ("looks worse than pt") |
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What does squamous cell CA of the lung look like?
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Smoking related
Central PTH-like peptide |
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What does small cell lung CA look like?
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Smoking related
Central, hormone producing ACTH, ADH |
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What does large cell lung CA look like?
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Smoking related
Peripheral, poorly differentiated |
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Clinical features of lung tumors that are smoking related?
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< 5% 10 yr survival
Pancoast tumor (apex) -compresses cervical SNS chain -horners syndrome Compression of recurrent laryngeal n. (hoarseness) Obstruction of SVC (facial swelling) |
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What are characteristics of nephritic syndrome?
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Hematuria
RBC casts |
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Common cause of nephritic syndrome?
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Post strep GN
|
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Characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?
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Severe proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia Hyperlipidemia Edema |
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Common causes of nephrotic syndrome?
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Adults - membranous GN
Children - minimal change GN |
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Characteristics of diffuse proliferative GN?
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poststrep GN/ SLE
*subepithelial deposits good Px |
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Characteristics of mesangiocapillary GN (membranoproliferative GN)?
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young adults, idiopathic
GBM thickening & proliferation of mesangium **subendothelial or intra-membranouse IC deposits "tram-track" appearance poor Px |
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Characteristics of focal-segmental GN?
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aggressive variant of minimal change GN
segmental sclerosis IgM deposits (IgA in Berger's) |
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Characteristics of Goodpasture's (anti-GBM Ab)?
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young males
pulmonary hemorrhage |
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Characteristics of Berger's (IgA nephropathy)?
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common, lasts 1-2 days
mild proteinuria, hematuria (kids) follows respiratory infection |
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Characteristics of minimal change GN?
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most common in kids
No immune complexes **loss of foot processes |
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Characteristics of membranous GN?
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most common young adults
thickening GBM subepithelial deposits of IC Poor Px |
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Characteristics of rapidly progressive GN?
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aggressive variant of any type
**cresents oliguria, uremia |
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Most common cause of Urolithiasis?
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Calcium (80%)
precipitates in alkaline urine Tx - thiazide, K phosphate |
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What type of urolithiasis presents with staghorn calculi?
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Mg-NH3-P "Triple stone"
UTI (Proteus) precipitates in alkaline urine Tx - ATb, acidification |
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Presentation of uric acid renal calculi?
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Uric Acid
Gout Leukemia Precipitates in acidic urine Tx - bicarb |
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Presentation of cystine renal calculi?
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Congenital defect in dibasic
a.a. transporter precipitates in acidic urine Tx - bicarb |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of gonorrhea?
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Neisseria gonorrhea
-purulent urethritis Tx - ceftriaxone |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of trichomoniasis?
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Trichomonas vaginalis
- men: asymptomatic - women: vaginitis Tx - metronidazole |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of non-gonococcal urethritis?
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Chlamydia trachomatis
-urethritis, PID Tx - Doxy |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of lymphogranuloma venereum?
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Chlamydia trachomatis
-painless ulcer -lymphadenopathy Tx - Doxy |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of granuloma inguinale?
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C. donovani
- multiple ulcerating papules - LNs not involved Tx - tetracycline |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of chancroid?
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H. ducreyi
- soft painful ulcer Tx - ceftriaxone |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum
- I: hard, painless chancre - II: cond. lata (flat brown papules) - III: gumma Tx - Pen G |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of condyloma acuminatum?
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HPV
- "red warts" Tx - cryotherapy |
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Cause, clinical features, tx of genital herpes?
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HSV 2 or HSV 1
- recurrent vesicles (painful) Tx - acyclovir |
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What kind of testicular tumor do you find in children with high AFP?
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Yolk sac tumors
|
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What kind of testicular tumor do you find in elderly men?
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Lymphoma
|
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What ovarian tumor produces estrogens and androgens?
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graulosa-theca cell tumors
|
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What ovarian tumor is similar to the yolk cell tumor in males and has elevated AFP?
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Endodermal sinus tumor
|
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Which ovarian tumor produces HCG?
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Choriocarcinoma (aka dermoid cyst)
|
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What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma?
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> 40 yo
early menarche late menopause nulliparity obesity **Estrogen exposure** |
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What is the cause of a hydatidiform mole?
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Fertilization by multiple sperm
|
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What is the difference b/t
-Complete hydatidiform mole -Partial hydatidiform mole |
Complete: no embryo or placenta
- 46, XX (all paternal) Partial: embryo or placenta present - triploid or tetraploid |
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What type of breast changes?
-bilateral -multiple nodules -menstrual variation -regress during pregnancy |
Fibrocystic change
|
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What type of breast changes?
-unilateral -single mass -no cyclic variation |
Breast CA
|
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What are the benign tumors in the breast?
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Fibroadenoma - single, movable nodule
Cystosarcoma phyllodes - rapidly growing Intraductal papilloma - nipple discharge & retraction |
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What are the malignant breast tumors?
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- ductal CA - most common
- lobular CA - R positive --> better Px - Paget's dz of nipple - older, poor Px |
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What disease causes bleeding gums?
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Vit C deficiency
|
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What disease causes glossitis, cheilosis?
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Vit B2 deficiency
|
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What disease causes smooth beefy red tongue?
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Vit B12 deficiency
|
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What disease causes strawberry tongue?
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Scarlet fever
|
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What disease causes Koplik's spots? (White dots on red background)
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Measles
|
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What type of diverticula is this:
-"false" (mucosa only) - pharynx/esophagus jnct - dysphagia, regurgitation |
Pulsion diverticula
(Zanker's) |
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What type of diverticula is this:
- true (all layers) - mid-esophagus - asymptomatic |
Traction diverticula
|
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What is H. pylori associated with?
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chronic gastritis type B
gastric & duodenal peptic ulcers carcinoma of stomach |
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What are the causes of Chronic type A gastritis?
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(Fundal)
-autoimmune -pernicious anemia -achlorhydria |
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Common causes of bacterial toxigenic gastroenteritis?
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Campylobacter
E.coli Salmonella |
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Common cause of invasive bacterial gastroenteritis?
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Shigella
|
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Common causes of non-bacterial gastroenteritis?
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-Rotavirus (kids)
-Parvovirus (adults) -Candida -Entameba histolytica -Giardia lamblia |
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Characteristics of FAP?
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(familial adenomatous polyposis)
-AD -100% CA risk |
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Characterisitcs of Gardner's polyposis?
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- AD
- Polyps + skin & bone tumors - 100% CA risk |
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Characteristics of Turcot's polyposis?
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- AR
- Polyps + brain tumors - high Ca risk |
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Characteristics of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis?
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- AD
- Polyps + melanin pigmentation of lips, palms & soles - very high CA risk |
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Cause of FAP?
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absence of APC (tumor suppressor)
If polyps develop --> remove colon |
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Characteristics of Crohn's disease?
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- Rectum spared
- ileum involved - skip lesions - transmural - granulomas - strictures & fissures - more pain, less bleeding |
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Characteristics of Ulcerative Colitis?
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- begins at rectum & progresses toward IC junction
- continuous - mucosa & submucosa ONLY - crypt abscesses - pseudopolyps - more bleeding, less pain (increased risk colon CA, toxic megacolon) |
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Characteristics of celiac sprue?
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allergic rxn to gluten (anti-gliden Ab)
-flat mucosal surface |
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Characteristics of Whipple's disease?
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malabsorption + anemia + arthritis
-Tropheryma whippelii -PAS + macrophages found in mucosa Tx - PEN or tetracycline |
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Characteristics of Cholesterol cholelithiasis?
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-radiolucent
-single stone -Westerners **fat, female, forty, fertile** |
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Porcelain GB?
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Ca deposits in wall
high risk of malignancy |
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What is Charcot's triad?
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= cholangitis
- acute onset fever, sepsis - RUQ pain - jaundice |
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Characteristics of GB CA?
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- Female
- Cholelithiasis - Porcelain GB |
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Characteristics of bile duct CA?
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- male
- chronic infections - liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) |
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What hepatitis is passed fecal-oral?
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Hep A
Hep E |
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What hepatitis is a DNA virus?
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Hep B
|
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What hepatitis requires Hep B to be present to survive?
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Hep delta
|
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What Hep B marker indicates infectivity?
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HBeAg
- appears after HBsAg - disappears before HBsAg |
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What Hep B marker is seen in chronic carrier state?
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HBsAg
- appear before s/s onset - persists 3-4 months - if > 6 mos = carrier |
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What Hep B Ab indicates recovery & immunity?
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anti-HBsAg
- appears a few weeks after HBsAg has disappeared |
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What Hep B Ab is the marker for the "window period"?
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anti-HBcAg
- during time after HBsAg disappears but before anti-HBsAg appears |
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What are some drugs that cause predictable toxic hepatitis?
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Acetaminophen
Amanita Carbon tetrachloride Methotrexate |
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What is the triad of hemochromatosis?
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accumulation of hemosiderin +
- cirrhosis - DM - skin pigmentation |
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Characteristics of Wilson's disease?
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- accumulation of copper
- decreased serum ceruloplasmin |
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What type of arthritis?
- loss of cartilage - knees, hips, spine - DIP - joint stiffness after inactivity - Heberden's nodes |
Osteoarthritis
|
|
What arthritis is this?
- women 20-50 yo - small joints - PIP & MCP joints - morning stiffness - soft tissue swelling |
Rheumatoid arthritis
- rheumatoid nodules (skin, valves) - rheumatoid factor: anti IgG |