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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A departure from full health.
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Disease
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A protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst.
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Enzyme
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An organism that causes disease.
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Pathogen
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A polymer consisting of many amino acid monomers covalently bonded together.
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Protein
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A polymer of nucleotide molecules that form the instructions for the synthesis of proteins found within organisms. These nucleotides contain the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose.
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DNA
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Complete mental, physical and social wellbeing.
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Health
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A type of white blood cell activated as part of the immune response.
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Lymphocyte
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A large, membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, which contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
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Nucleus
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A cell that can carry out phagocytosis and ingest bacteria or small particles. Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes.
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Phagocyte
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Protein or glycoprotein molecules on cell surfaces, used for attachment of specific substances such as hormones or viruses.
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Receptor site
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A preparation of antigens given to provide artificial immunity.
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Vaccine
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An organic compound that contains both an amino group(–NH2) and a carboxyl group (–COOH). The monomers of protein molecules.
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Amino acid
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A foreign molecule (which may be protein or glycoprotein) that can provoke an immune response.
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Antigen
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A lipid molecule (not a triglyceride) found in all cell membranes and involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
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Cholesterol
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Short extensions of eukaryotic cells, typically 2–10 µm long and 0.03 µm in diameter. Used for locomotion or to move fluids or mucus over a surface.
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Cilia
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Vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle.
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Coronary artery
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Describes a disease that spreads to many people quickly and affects a large proportion of the population.
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Epidemic
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A tissue that covers the outside of a structure.
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Epithelium
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Process by which the present diversity of living organisms arose from simple primitive organisms, with new species arising by natural selection.
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Evolution
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Mixture of lipids, mainly triglycerides with saturated fatty acids, that is solid at body temperature. Act as an energy store, insulation, waterproofing and may give buoyancy.
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Fat
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Mucus-secreting cells in epithelial tissue.
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Goblet cell
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The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
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Haemoglobin
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Chemicals made in endocrine glands that are carried in the blood to target cells/tissues/organs. They act as chemical messengers.
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Hormone
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A response to an antigen, which involves the activation of lymphocytes.
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Immune response
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A cavity surrounded by a cell wall in cells, such as xylem vessels, which have lost their cell contents. Also used for the central cavities of blood vessels.
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Lumen
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Membrane-bound vesicles made by pinching off from the Golgi body. They usually contain digestive enzymes.
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Lysosome
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Nuclear division that results in the formation of cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
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Mitosis
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A slimy substance secreted by goblet cells in animal epithelial tissues. It is made up mostly of glycoproteins and protects and/or lubricates the surface on to which it is secreted.
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Mucus
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A change in the structure of DNA, or in the structure and number of chromosomes.
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Mutation
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The total substances taken into an animal or plant for use in metabolism (the sum total of its diet).
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Nutrition
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Describes a disease that is spreading worldwide or over continents.
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Pandemic
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An organism that lives in or on another living organism (its host), deriving nutrition from the host, benefiting at the expense of its host.
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Parasite
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The process in which energy is released from complex molecules, such as glucose, within cells and transferred to molecules of ATP.
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Respiration
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A factor that increases the chance that you may develop a particular disease.
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Risk factor
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An external pressure that drives evolution in a particular direction.
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Selection pressure
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A blood clot.
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Thrombus
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Immunity that is acquired by activation of immune system.
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Active immunity
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Feature of a living organism that increases its chances of survival, for example thick fur on an animal that lives in a cold habitat.
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Adaptation
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Describes tissue consisting of cells that store fat/lipid.
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Adipose
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A version of a gene.
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Allele
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Small air sacs in the lungs.
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Alveoli
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A macrophage that has ingested a pathogen and displays some of the pathogen’s molecules on its cell surface membrane.
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Antigen-presenting cell
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Hardening of the artery walls and loss of elasticity caused by atherosclerosis or by deposition of calcium.
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Arteriosclerosis
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Immunity acquired as a result of deliberate exposure to antigens or by the injection of antibodies.
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Artificial immunity
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Also called selective breeding – the process of improving a variety of crop plant or domesticated animal by breeding from individuals with desired characteristics.
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Artificial selection
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Numerical value found by dividing an individual’s mass in kg by the (height in m)2 and used to assess if the individual is underweight, acceptable weight, overweight or obese.
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Body mass index
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Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.
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Bronchus
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Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
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Bronchiole
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A class of biological molecules with the general formula Cx(H2O)y. It includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.
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Carbohydrate
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A substance that causes cancer.
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Carcinogen
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Also known as the Plasma membrane.
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Cell surface membrane
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The movement of cells or organisms towards or away from a particular chemical.
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Chemotaxis
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The division of selected cells by mitosis to increase their numbers.
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Clonal expansion
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The selection of cells (of the immune system) with a specific receptor site. These cells will undergo expansion as part of the immune response.
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Clonal selection
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Refers to structures that fit together because their shapes and/or charges match up. For example, adenine and cytosine in DNA.
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Complementary
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To make narrow. For example, in the narrowing of blood vessels.
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Constrict
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An irreversible change in the tertiary structure of a protein molecule. It leads to loss of function in most proteins.
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Denaturation
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The period when the heart muscle in the ventricles is relaxing and blood pressure is at its lowest.
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Diastole
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The development and changes seen in cells as they mature to form specialised cells.
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Differentiation
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The net movement of molecules or ions in a gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to an area where they are less concentrated.
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Diffusion
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Tissue containing the protein elastin, which is able to stretch and recoil.
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Elastic tissue
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Describes a disease that is always present in an area. May also mean a species that is found only in a particular area and nowhere else.
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Endemic
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A tissue that lines the inside of a structure, such as a blood vessel.
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Endothelium
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The study of patterns of disease and the factors that influence their spread.
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Epidemiology
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Outer layer(s) of cells of a multicellular organism.
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Epidermis
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An organism having cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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Eukaryote
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A substance added to soil to enhance the growth of plants.
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Fertiliser
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Sex cells, usually haploid (one set of chromosomes). Fuse during sexual reproduction to form zygotes (diploid).
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Gamete
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A length of DNA that carries the code for the synthesis of one (or more) specific polypeptide(s).
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Gene
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Taxonomical group used in the classification of living organisms. Contains similar species.
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Genus
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A protein with carbohydrate molecules attached.
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Glycoprotein
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The place where an organism or population lives. It includes the climatic, topographic and edaphic factors as well as the plants and animals that live there.
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Habitat
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An animal that eats plant material.
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Herbivore
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The strands that make up the body of a fungus.
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Hyphae
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Ability of the immune system to respond very quickly to antigens that it recognises as they have entered the body before.
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Immunological memory
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The number of new cases of a disease in a certain time period.
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Incidence
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A group of protein factors with non-specific antiviral activity. They also affect the immune system.
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Interferon
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Fibrous protein found in skin, hair and nails.
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Keratin
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A diverse group of chemicals that includes triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol.
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Lipid
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A system of lymph nodes and lacteals with lymph fluid.
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Lymphatic system
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A disaccharide molecule consisting of two a-glucose molecules bonded together.
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Maltose
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Used by animal and plant breeders to help select individuals with the desired genotype. The desired gene is linked to a section of DNA that is easy to identify in a young individual.
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Marker-assisted selection
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B and T cells that remain in the body after an immune response. Their presence enables a much faster and greater second immune response.
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Memory cells
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All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
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Metabolism
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Large, phagocytic white blood cell.
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Monocyte
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Chemical produced by monocytes to signal to other cells. Also called lymphokines.
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Monokines
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The proportion of people in a population who are ill with a particular disease at any one time.
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Morbidity
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The number of people who die from a disease in a certain time period.
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Mortality
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Immunity acquired through exposure to disease during the normal course of life.
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Natural immunity
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The mechanism for evolution in which the best-adapted organisms in a population can outcompete those that are less well-adapted.
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Natural selection
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An animal that eats plant and animal material.
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Omnivore
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Infection caused by an organism that infects a host with a weakened (compromised) immune system.
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Opportunistic infection
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Structure inside a cell. Each has a specific function and many are surrounded by membrane.
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Organelle
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The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.
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Osmosis
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Immunity acquired indirectly without activation of the lymphocytes, such as through the placenta, from breast milk, or by injection.
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Passive immunity
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A vacuole inside a phagocyte which is created by an infolding of the plasma (cell surface) membrane to engulf a foreign particle. The foreign particle is held inside this.
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Phagosome
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Process by which plants, some bacteria and some protoctists make food using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight energy.
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Photosynthesis
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Fatty material built up under the endothelium of an artery.
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Plaque
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The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming the selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment.
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Plasma membrane
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Fragments of cells in the blood that play a part in blood clotting.
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Platelets
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A polymer consisting of many amino acid monomers covalently bonded together.
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Polypeptide
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A measure of the impact of disease based on the number of people with the disease at a certain time.
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Prevalence
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An organism with cells that do not contain a true nucleus.
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Prokaryote
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A type of muscle (involuntary muscle) found mostly in certain internal organs and involved in involuntary movements such as peristalsis.
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Smooth muscle
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A group of organisms whose members are similar to each other in shape, physiology, biochemistry and behaviour, and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
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Species
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A polysaccharide found in plant cells. It is formed from the covalent bonding together of many glucose molecules.
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Starch
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The substance that is used up in an enzyme-controlled reaction, leading to the formation of product. It fits into the active site of the enzyme at the start of the reaction.
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Substrate
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A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
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Tissue
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The fluid, derived from blood plasma, that surrounds the cells in a tissue.
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Tissue fluid
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The windpipe leading from the back of the mouth to the bronchi.
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Trachea
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The way in which a microorganism or other pathogen travels from one host to another.
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Transmission
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A molecule consisting of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules covalently bonded together.
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Triglyceride
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An organism that carries a disease-causing organism (pathogen) from one host to another. Also describes an agent (such as a plasmid) that can transfer genetic material.
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Vector
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Chemical needed in small amounts for healthy metabolism. Some organisms can make them, some organisms have to obtain them in the diet.
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Vitamin
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A measure of the ability of water molecules to move freely in solution. Decreased by the presence of solutes.
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Water potential
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Diploid cell made from fusion of male and female gametes.
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Zygote
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Molecules produced by microorganisms that kill or limit the growth of other microorganisms. Some are useful as drugs.
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Antibiotics
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Protein molecules released by the immune system in response to an antigen, which are capable of neutralising the effects of the antigen by binding to it with high affinity.
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Antibodies
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Hormone-like proteins produced by vertebrates, which are used for communication between cells, allowing some cells to regulate the activities of others.
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Cytokines
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Cell-signalling chemicals. Some are involved in activating cells of the immune system. A type of cytokine.
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Interleukin
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Cells that make keratin.
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Keratinocytes
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General term for white blood cells.
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Leucocyte
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Large, phagocytic, amoeba-like white blood cells that engulf, ingest and destroy bacteria, damaged cells and worn-out red blood cells. Important for antigen presentation.
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Macrophages
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Describes cytoplasm that is not divided into cells but contains many nuclei.
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Multinucleate
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Phagocytic white blood cells. They engulf and digest bacteria. They have a many-lobed nucleus, and a granular cytoplasm due to the large numbers of lysosomes present.
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Neutrophils
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Mature B-lymphocytes (white blood cells) that secrete a specific kind of antibody.
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Plasma cells
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Proteins made in the liver that are found in the non-cellular fraction of the blood.
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Plasma proteins
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The defences that prevent the entry of a pathogen into the body.
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Primary defences
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A lipid-soluble chemical made in the body that is involved in inflammatory reactions.
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Prostaglandin
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An enzyme capable of digesting proteins.
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Protease
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Processes that attempt to kill or inactivate pathogens that have already invaded the body.
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Secondary defences
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The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule. Involves hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions.
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Tertiary structure
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The type of cell that responds to a particular hormone.
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Target cell
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Fluid that drains back to the venous circulation via the lymphatic system.
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Lymph
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A slight change in the three dimensional structure of a protein that may result in a change in activity. Often involved in regulation of enzyme activity.
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Conformational change
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Form of haemoglobin after binding irreversibly to carbon monoxide.
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Carboxyhaemoglobin
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Chemical that can induce mutations and increase the risk of cancer.
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Carcinogen
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