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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three types of cell junctions
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Tight (keeps fluid from entering between cells)
Desmosome (Spot Welding--Holds cells together) Gap junction (Allows for chemical communication) |
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Four main types of tissues:
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Nervous Tissue
Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Epithelial Tissue |
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue/Locations in body
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Protects exposed surfaces/lines cavities, absorbs/secretes (Ex. Kidney tubules)
Found on skin surface, lining of digestive tract, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tract |
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Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues
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Tightly packed cells (little intracellular space),
Avascular (no blood cells), Free surface, Basement membrane (attaches epithelial to connective tissues beneath), Regeneration Nerve supply |
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How are epithelial cells classified?
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By Layers (Simple--1, Stratified--more than 1)
By Shape (Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar) |
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Simple Squamous Tissue--Function, Location, appearance?
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Absorption/secretion, reduces friction, vessel permeability
Found in heart & blood vessels, kidney tubules Similar to "jig saw" puzzles in appearance, flat, long, one-layer, thin. |
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Endothelium
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Type of Epithelial tissue--found in inner surface of heart and blood vessels.
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Mesothelium
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Second type of epithelial tissue found in ventral cavity (superficial layers of protective tissues in ventral cavity)
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Simple Cuboidal Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location?
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Resembles square, hexagonal boxes
Limited protection for areas of secretion/absorption Found in Kidney tubules |
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Simple columnar Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location?
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Tall, rectangular in shape
Protects against chemical stress Found in stomach, Intestines |
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Stratified Squamous Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location?
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Multiple layers of cells--cells can be different shapes (classified by shape of cells on superficial most layer)
Protects from chemicals/friction Located in mouth/anus |
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Transitional Tissue--Appearance, Function, Location
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Flexibility, allows for stretching/coiling without damage
Located in bladder |
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Pseudostratified Tissue--Appearance, Location, Function?
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Looks like more than one layer but every cell touches the basement membrane, not all cells tall enough to make it to the top
Located in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi Protection/secretion, moves mucus w/ cilia |
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Difference b/t endocrine & exocrine?
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Endocrine secretes hormones internally, exocrine excretes hormones outside body
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Glandular tissue is also what type of tissue?
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Epithelial tissue
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Examples of Multicellular exocrine glands
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holocrine--sebaceous glands-superficial gland cells burst
merocrine--Mucus-secretory vesicles discharged at surface by exocytosis apocrine--mammary glands-includes inclusions, secretory vesicles, cytoplasmic components |
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How are connective and epithelial tissues different?
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Epithelial--tightly packed, basement membrane, always faces free surface
Connective--Loosely scattered, no basement membrane, no free surface |
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Functions of connective tissues:
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Bind together and support, protect, energy storage, transport
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What is a matrix?
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Any & all material in between the cells--matrix often determines function of the cell.
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Ground substance
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Makes up matrix--binds cells together and determines function
Varies from tissue to tissue ( can be solid or liquid) |
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Types of fibers:
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produced by fibroblasts
collagen fiber (tough, flexible) Elastic fiber (elasticity & strength) reticular fiber (networking fibers) |
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What is matrix made up of??
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Ground substance + fibers
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Characteristics of Connective tissues
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Has nerve supply (except for cartilage)
No free surface, Many types of cells, Scattered cells |
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Types of cells in connective tissue:
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Fibroblasts (makes fiber)
Macrophages (eat away bacteria/damaged cells) Mast cells (contains histamines/heparins to stimulate inflammation) Adipocytes (fat cells-store fat) |
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Mesenchyme
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Embryonic connective tissue (can differentiate into other connective tissue cells)
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Areolar connective tissue
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Located around blood vessels, mucus membranes--serves as "loose padding"
characteristics: Scattered cells, matrix=ground substance (Hyaluronic acid) + fibers (collagen) |
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Adipose Tissue
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Located in subcutaneous tissue, around organs (white and brown fat--white: 1 triglyceride droplet, brown: several droplets) prevents loss of heat and is energy storage.
Characteristics: scattered cells (Adipocytes), Matrix= ground substance (Hyaluronic Acid) + fibers (Collagen/elastin) |
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Reticular connective tissue
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Located in lymph nodes & spleen, forms a framework in tissue
Characteristics: Scattered cells (fibroblasts--reticular cells) Matrix= Ground substance (hyaluronic acid) + fibers (collagen) |
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Dense regular connective tissue
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located in tendons & ligaments, allows for strength in one direction & extension/recoil.
Characteristics: Scattered cells (Fibroblasts), Matrix= Ground substance (Very little) + fibers (Collagen) |
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Located in valves of heart, dermis, periosteum--gives skin its strength, strengthens and supports areas that receive stress from many directions.
Characteristics: Scattered cells (Fibroblasts) Matrix= Ground substance (hyaluronic acid) + fibers (Collagen fibers) |
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Elastic connective tissue
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Artery walls, elastic ligaments b/t vertebrae, gives stretch and support
Characteristics: Scattered cells, Matrix= Ground substance + fibers |
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Cartilage--what makes it unique?
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Tissues that's resistant to stress.
Has no blood vessels or nerve supply, so gets nutrients by diffusion from matrix, also very slow to heal. |
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What is the most common type of cartilage?
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Hyaline cartilage
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Types of Cartilage:
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Hyaline, Fibrous, Elastic
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Hyaline cartilage
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located in nose, trachea, costal cartilage, embryonic skeleton,articular cartilage (ends of long bones) Provides cushioning (strong but flexible)
Characteristics: Scattered cells (chondrocytes in lacunae) , matrix= Ground substance (chondroitin/Glucosamine) + Fibers (Collagen) |
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Fibrous cartilage
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Located in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs symphysis pubis--provides strength & durability
Characteristics: Scattered cells (chondrocytes) Matrix= Ground substances (Little ground substance) + fibers (collagen fibers) |
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Elastic Cartilage
(Location, Characteristics, Function) |
Located in auricle (ear), epiglottis
Provides flexibility Characteristics: Scattered cells (Chondrocytes in Lacunae) Matrix= Ground substance + fibers (collagen) |
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Osseous tissue
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Located in shaft of long bones & outside portions of flat bones--provides strength & durability
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Spongy bone
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Located in ends of long bones & middle of flat bones--provides support, though not as strong as compact bone , produces red blood cells in spaces.
Characteristics: Scattered cells Matrix= Ground substance + fibers |
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two types of fluid connective tissue:
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blood & lymph
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Blood
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Located in blood vessels, carries nutrients & waste products, important for immunity
Characteristics: Scattered cells Matrix= Ground substance + fibers (none unless clots) |
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lymph
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Liquid connective tissue that is found in lymph vessels, important for immunity, carries away excess interstitial fluid
Characteristics: Scattered cells Matrix= Ground substance + fibers |
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The proximal end of Metatarsal I articulates with which bone?
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The medial cuneiform
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The proximal end of Metatarsal II articulates with ____.
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Intermediate cuneiform
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The proximal end of Metatarsal III articulates with which bone?
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Lateral cuneiform
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The proximal ends of Metatarsals IV & V articulate with which bone?
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Cuboid
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Which tissues do not have blood vessels?
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Cartilage (all types), Epithelial tissue
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Which tissues do not have fibers?
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Blood, lymph
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Three types of muscle tissue:
Function of muscle tissues |
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
Contains proteins that can shorten & stretch. |
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Skeletal muscle
(Location, characteristics--regeneration/# of nuclei, striated/non-striated, voluntary/involuntary,etc., function) |
Attached to bones via tendons
Tissues has striations, long cylindrical cells (length of bone), multinucleated, limited capacity for regeneration Voluntary movement of the skeleton (generates heat), posture |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
(Location, Characteristics--regeneration/# of nuclei, striated/non-striated, voluntary/involuntary,etc., Function) |
Branched, striated, cells, connected by intercalated discs--Gap junctions/desmosomes, typically one nucleus in cells
Located in heart Involuntary movement of heart, pumps blood |
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Smooth muscle tissue
(Location, Function, Characteristics--regeneration, # of nuclei, voluntary/involuntary, striations, striated/non-striated, etc.) |
Located in internal organs,
Shape: Banana Involuntary movement One nucleus per cell good capacity for regeneration Relaxation/contraction helps regulate blood pressure, movement food/urine, etc. |
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Which connective tissue generally makes up membrane?
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Areolar Tissue
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What is a membrane?
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Protective layer--Epithelium + connective tissue beneath makes up membrane
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Serous Membrane
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Serous membrane= epitheliuem (Simple Squamous/mesothelium + Areolar/Adipose)
Makes up Periosteum, pericardium, pleura. |
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Synovial Membrane
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Epithelium (Only scattered epithelial cells) + connective tissue (areolar/adipose)
Located in joints, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication |
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Mucus membrane
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Epithelium (Varies--all have Goblet cells) + Connective Tissue (Areolar--Lamina Propria)
Found in Systems with opening to outside (Respiratory, reproductive, digestive, etc.) Secretes fluid (goblet cells) |
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Cutaneous Membrane
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Epithelium (Stratified epithelium) + Areolar
Found in skin--Protects against friction/abrasion |
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Parenchymal Cells
Stromal Cells |
Functional cells--helps regeneration of tissue
Stromal Cells--Connective tissue cells--leads to collagen scar (Fibrosis) |
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Nervous Tissue
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Conducts nerve impulses--two types of cells--neuroglia & neurons
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Neuroglia/Neurons
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Neurons--Conduct nerve impulses
(Do not undergo mitosis) Neuroglia--Supportive cells of Neurons (mitosis) |
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From which cells in nervous tissue do brain tumors arise?
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Neuroglia
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Steps in tissue repair:
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Inflammation (redness, swelling, pain)--indicator that repair taking place @ site of injury
Granulation (Growth of blood vessels, fibroblasts, mesechyme cells) Maturation phase--repair (parenchymal or stromal) |
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Factors that affect tissue repair:
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Blood circulation (better circulation=better repair)
Age/metabolic rate Nutrition (C=collagen, D=Calcium, E=prevent scarring) |
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Functions of skin:
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Synthesis of Vitamin D
Temperature regulation (sweating) Excretion (sweat, salts, etc.) Protection (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Receptors (merkel cells) Stores lipids |
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Keratin/Keratinocytes
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Fibrous, structural protein--comprises hair, skin, nails.
Keratinocytes produce keratin |
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Name types of cells in skin:
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Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, merkel cells, Langerhan cells
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Melanocytes (function/location)
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Produces melanin--located in basal layer of epidermis
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Merkel cells (function/location)
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Receptor cells for touch, etc--located in epidermis
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Langerhan cells (function/location)
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Eat bacteria--located in epidermis
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Two layers of edpidermis:
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Stratum Basale/Sratum Corneum
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Stratum Basale:
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Basal Layer--cells (keratinocytes) dividing rapidly to migrate superficially and constantly replace top layer of keratinized cells.
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Stratum Corneum:
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Most superficial layer of skin--dead, keratinized cells with no nuclei. Serves as protection for live cells underneath.
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Two regions of Dermis:
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Reticular/Papillary
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Papillary region:
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Contains areolar connective tissue
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Reticular region:
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Contains Dense irregular tissue (gives dermis, strength, elasticity, extensibility
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Dermal Papillae
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Small extensions of dermis into epidermis (forms finger/foot prints)
contains blood vessels that nourish hair follicles and lower layer epithelial cells |
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What is the hypodermis--is it apart of skin?
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Subcutaneous tissue (areolar/adipose), not apart of skin
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What is a freckle? Nevi?
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Concentrations of melanin in skin
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What is vitiligo? Albinism?
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Partial loss of pigment in certain areas of skin (patches) due to melanocytes in select areas of skin not producing melanin.
Total or partial loss of pigment due to absence or defect in enzyme involved in melanin production. |
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hemoglobin--oxygenated vs. Deoxygenated?
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Oxygenated=bright red in color
Deoxygenated= bluish in color |
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What is cyanosis?
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Appearance of bluish/purple coloration on skin due to tissues near surface being low on oxygen.
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What would carotene give to your skin?
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Orange/deep yellow hue
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Parts of hair:
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Shaft, follicle (w/ papilla), root
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Hair matrix
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Cell division occurs to form structure of hair
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Hair papilla
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Provides nourishment of hair root
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Hair plexus
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Groups nerve fiber endings--forms network around hair follicle and is receptor (sends nervous impulses to brain when hair moves)
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What gives hair its color?
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Melanin
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Arrector Pili muscles
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smooth muscle attached to hair follicle--contracts to make hair follicle more vertical (stand on end)
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Where do sebaceous oil glands open into? What do they make? Where located?
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Hair follicle--produces sebum (inhibits bacterial growth)
Skin (except palms, soles of feet) |
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What hormone stimulates sebaceous glands?
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Androgens
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Sudoriferous Glands
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Water/excretory products
merocrine/apocrine secretions |
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Ceruminous Glands
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modified sweat glands--
cerumen-sticky waxy substance (ear wax) (Apocrine gland) |
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Why do nails appear pink? What is their clinical significance?
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B/c of underlying capillaries in nail bed/
Protects phalanges/digitals and surrounding soft tissues from injuries |
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Keloid
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Scar (collagen) result of overgrowth of tissue @ site of injury
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Remains localized (cancer of cells of Stratum Basale) rarely metastasizes or causes death, most common.
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Cancer of superficial layer--squamous epithelium, second most common, can be deadly if spreads.
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Melanoma
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Cancer of melanocytes--one of most dangerous forms of skin cancer, causing most deaths.
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First-third degree burns:
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First--Epidermis only affected
Second--Epidermis/part of dermis Third--Epidermis & entire dermis |
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Why are third degree burns not painful? What are two dangers of these types of burns?
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Nerves damaged/burned away, so no sensation of pain
Nerve damage and Loss of skin could lead to further infection. |
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Functions of Bone:
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Mineral Storage (calcium, magnesium, phosphate)
Support of other organs/tissues--protection Makes blood cells |
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Red marrow
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Located in Epiphyses of bone--makes all blood cells (red, white, platelets)
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Yellow Marrow
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Fat storage--found in diaphysis of bone
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Two parts of bone made up of hyaline cartilage:
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Articular cartilage/Epiphyseal plate
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Function of Epiphyseal plate:
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Allows bones to grow lengthwise (only present in children)
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What remains after epiphyseal plate disappears?
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Epiphyseal Line
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What is found in medullary cavity? Where is medullary cavity found?
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Yellow Marrow (fat)/ Middle of bone shaft
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2 Layers of Periosteum:
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Fibrous layer/ Osteogenic layer
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Firbous layer (Periosteum)
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Dense irregular connective tissue--allows muscle to attach to bone
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Osteogenic layer (Periosteum)
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Bone cells for new growth and breakdown
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Sharpey's fibers
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Matrix of connective tissue (allows periosteum to attach to bone)
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What are ligaments/tendons & how do they attach?
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Fibrous Dense regular connective tissue:
Ligaments (attach bone to bone) Tendons (attach muscles to bone) |
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Bones of Os coxa:
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Ilium, ischium, pelvis
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Which tendon inserts in Calcaneus?
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Achilles Tendon
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Ground substance/Fibers of bone:
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Ground Substance = Chondroitin/Glucosamine
Fibers= Collagen |
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Organic part of Bone matrix--what characteristic does it give to bone?
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Collagen--makes bones more flexible, elastic
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What characteristic do calcium salts give to bone?
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Hardness
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Scattered cells of bone:
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Osteoprogenitor cells (endosteum periosteum), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
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Which scattered cell of bone is not derived from mesenchyme?
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Osteoclasts (derived from white blood cells)
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Two types of bone:
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Compact/spongy
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Where is compact bone found?
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Diaphysis
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Where is spongy bone found?
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Epiphyses
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How do osteocytes in spongy bone get their nourishment?
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Directly from bone marrow
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What are trabeculae?
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supporting bundles fiber formed by matrix (small extensions bone)
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How is spongy bone different from compact?
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compact needs osteons , spongy uses trabeculae for nourishment
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Haversian Canal
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surrounds blood vessels, communciates w/ osteocytes in lacuna
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Appositional growth
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Growth on surface of tissue (bone/cartilage)
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Interstitial growth
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Growth within tissue (cartilage)
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Can you see cartilage on an xray?
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No, shows up as "space" between the bone
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Where does bone growth in length occur?
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At epiphyseal plate
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Where does bone growth in width occur?
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At endosteum/periosteum
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Ossification
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Process of bone formation
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Intramembranous ossification
Examples: |
bone formation from fibrous connective tissue
Ex. Clavicle, mandible, cranium |
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Endochondral ossification
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bone formation from hyaline cartilage
Ex. Long bones, embryonic skeleton |
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Process of intramembranous ossification:
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Beings @ ossification center (mesenchyme turns to osteoprogenitor to osteoblasts)
Osteoblasts secrete matrix, become osteocytes Trabeculae develop, red bone marrow fills spaces Spongy bone later remodels to compact bones |
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Process of endochondral ossification
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bone collar on surface of diaphysis
cells die in diaphysis (ph change/calcification) blood vessels penetrate and bring in osteoprogenitor cells Differentiate into osteoblasts that lay down new bone |
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Primary ossification center
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Middle of diaphysis
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Secondary ossification center
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middle of epiphyses
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Which type of bone is always formed first when bone is made?
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Spongy bone (later remodeled into compact bone)
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Functions of calcium
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Nerve impulses, muscle, contraction, bone health
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Calcitonin
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Lowers blood calcium by depositing it into bone (osteoblasts)
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Parathyroid hormone
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Raises blood calcium by taking it from bone (osteoclasts)
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Steps in bone repair
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Hematoma (blood clot)
Hyaline cartilage callus Spongy bone callus Remodeled into hard bone (bony callus remains) |
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Colles fracture/Greenstick fracture:
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Colles fracture--fracture of distal radius (falling on outstretched arm)
Greenstick fracture (occurs in children) one side of bone breaks and other side of same bone bends--due to flexibility of child bones. |
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Axial skeleton
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(Trunk) consists of head/neck, spine (vertebrae), rib cage, sacrum, coccyx, hyoid
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Appendicular Skeleton
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(Appendages) consists of arms, clavicle and shoulder girdle scapula), legs, knee, ankle, wrists, os coxae,
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Shapes of bones
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Flat, irregular, Long, short
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Examples of long bones
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Ulna, Radius, Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Fibula
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Examples of short bones
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metacarpals, carpal bones, metatarsal and tarsal bones
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Examples irregular bones
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Vertebral bones
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Examples of Flat bones
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Cranial bones, os coxae, sternum, ribs, scapula, clavicle
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8 Cranial bones
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2 parietal, 2 temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
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Wormian bones
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Extra bone pieces in cranial sutures
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Sesamoid bones
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Bones that form in tendons--patella, pissiform
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What are the articulations of skull bones called?
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Sutures
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What is a fontanel?
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"Soft spot" on the skull of infant where fibrous collagenous tissue remains--skull not completely connected, allows for easier labor/delivery, allows baby's head to mold to fit through birth canal without injury to mother or baby.
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14 Facial bones
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2 maxillae, mandible, vomer, 2 zygomatic, frontal, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae
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Which two bones form hard palate?
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Maxillae and palatine
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Which two bones have aveolar processes for teeth?
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mandible/maxillae
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Which facial bones form only movable joint on face?
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Mandible and Temporal Bones (Temporomandibular joint)
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What is the purpose of a sinus?
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Make skull more light weight--contains mucus membrane in sinus cavities (filters air that goes through sinuses)
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4 bones in which sinuses can be found:
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Zygomatic, maxillae, ethmoid, frontal
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Where do sinuses drain into?
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Into nose through middle meatus
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What are nasal conchae and what is their function? How many are there?
|
Small bones that extend into nose, directs air towards mucus membranes.
3 nasal conchae (Superior, middle, inferior) |
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What are two parts that make up intervertebral dics:
|
Fibrocartilage ring
Nucleus Pulposus (Gel pad in middle of disc) |
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What is a herniated disc?
|
Nucleus pulposus protrudes out of fibrocartilage disc.
|
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What are primary/secondary curves?
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Primary= curves that stay as originally shaped (Thoracic/sacral)
Secondary= anteriorly convex--develops as child devleops (Lumbar/Cervical) |
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What are abnormal curves--three types?
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Kyphosis--Exaggerated thoracic curves
Lordosis--Exaggerated Lumbar curves Scoliosis--Spine curved sideways |
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Intervertebral foramen
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Opening in vertebrae where nerves leave spine and extend to other parts of body
|
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Vertebral foramen
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Opening formed by union of vertebral arch w/ body
|
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Thoracic? Lumbar? |
7, 12, 5
|
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What is the name of C1? C2?
|
Atlas/Axis
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Which group of vertebrae are most susceptible to herniated discs?
|
Lumbar (Lower back--more stress pressure)
|
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How are the os coxae connected to the vertebral column?
|
By the sacrum
|
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What does the superior surface of L5 form a joint with? Inferior surface?
|
w/ L4
w/ Sacrum |
|
Difference between true & false ribs?
|
True attach to sternum by their own costal cartilage
False attach to the costal cartilage of true ribs |
|
Costal cartilage
|
Connects sternum with ends of ribs
|
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To which two bones are the ribs attached?
|
Sternum, vertebral column
|
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Three parts of sternum:
|
Xiphoid process
Manubrium (sternal angle, Jugular notch) Body |
|
How does the sternum attach to the appendicular skeleton?
|
By the clavicle
|
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Which two bones does scapula form a joint with?
|
Humerus & clavicle
|
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Does scapula form a joint with ribs?
|
No
|
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8 carpal bones:
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Scaphoid, Lunate, Trapzium, Pissiform, Triquetrum, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
|
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How many total phalanges in one hand?
|
14
|
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"Medial" ankle bones is actually which bone?
|
Tibia--medial malleolus
|
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Six bones of tarsus?
|
Talus, Navicular, Intermediate Cuneiform, Medial cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid
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What is hallux, pollex?
|
Big toe, Thumb
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