Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hypothalamus
|
Regulates primitive functions from water balance to sex drive
Carried out by the pituitary gland |
|
Pituitary Gland
|
Suspended from hypothalamus
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) Neuropophysis (posteiror pituitary) |
|
FSH
|
Stimulates production of egg or sperm cells
Secreted by gonadotrope cells |
|
LH
|
Females - Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen
Males - Stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone Secreted by gonadrope cells |
|
TSH
|
Stimulates growth of gland and secretion of Thyroid Hormone
Secreted by thyrotropes |
|
ACTH
|
Adenocorticotropic Hormone
Regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex |
|
PRL
|
Females - Milk synthesis after baby
Males - increased LH sensitivity, thus an increase in testosterone secretion |
|
GH
|
Growth Hormone
Promotes tissue growth |
|
OT (oxytocin) and ADH
|
Produced in Hypothalamus
Transported by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe (stores then releases hormones) |
|
ADH
|
Targets kidneys
Increased water retention, reduces urine neurotransmitter |
|
Oxytocin
|
Labor contractions, lactation
Possible role in: sperm transport and emotional bonding |
|
Negative Feedback - Control of Pituitary - Feedback From Target Organs
|
Increased target organ hormone levels inhibits release of tropic hormones
|
|
Positive Feedback - Control of Pituitary - Feedback From Target Organs
|
Stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes more stretching of uterus until delivery
|
|
Pineal Gland
|
Peak secretion ages 1-5
Produces serotonin by day, converts it to melatonin by night |
|
Thyroid Gland
|
Simple cubodial epithelium
Secretes two hormones: T3 and T4 Increases body's metabolic rate and O2 consumption |
|
Parathyroid Hormone
|
PTH release
Increases blood calcium levels Promotes synthesis of calcitrol Decreases urinary excretion Increases bone resorption - destroys bone |
|
Adrenal medulla
|
Stimulation causes release of catecholamines (epi, NE)
Increases metabolic rate Inhibits insulin secretions cause you need it going into the blood |
|
Adrenal Cortex
|
Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa) outer Glucocorticoids (zona fasiculata)middle Sex steroids (zona reticularis) inner |
|
Insulin
|
From beta cells
Secreted after meal with carbohydrates, raises blood glucose levels Stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake |
|
Glucagon
|
From alpha cells
Hormone of fasting and starvation Secreted in very low carbohydrate and high protein or fasting |
|
Somatostatin
|
From Delta cells
secreted with rise in blood glucose and amino acids after a meal. Paracrine secretion = inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon by alpha and beta cells. Glucagon - doesn't allow you to go overboard |
|
T3 and T4 synthesis
|
Iodine and tyrosine form t3 and t4
TSH stimulates follicular cells to remove t3 and t4 from thryoglobulin for release into plasma |
|
Endocrine Disorders
|
Variations in hormone concentration and target cell sensitivity have noticeable effects on body
Hyposecretion - inadequite hormone release lesion destroys gland. Hypersecretion excessive hormone release tumor or autoimmune disorder |
|
Pituitary Disorders
|
Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to thickening of bones and soft tissue
Problems in childhood in and adolescence - oversecretion (giantism) hyposecretion (dwarfism) People can become very tall at first, but then the deposition of growth hormone causes bone deposition in the head and hands become very large |
|
Thyroid Gland Disorders - Congenital Hypothyroidism
|
Congenital Hypothyroidism (decreased levels of TH) - Congenital Infant hypothyroidism: Infant suffers abnormal bone development thickening facial features, low temperature, brain damage.
|
|
Thyroid Gland Disorders - Myxedema
|
Adult hypothyroidism due to decreased levels of TH
low metabolic rate sluggishness, sleepiness, weight gain, constipation, dry skin and hair, higher blood dpressure. |
|
Thyroid Gland Disorders - endemic goiter
|
Endemic Goiter - enlarged thyroid gland
Dietary iodine deficiency, no TH no feedback to increase TH |
|
Thyroid Gland Disorders - graves disease
|
Toxic Goiter
Antibodies mimic TSH, increased TH, expohthalmos |
|
Parathyroid disorders
|
hyperparathyroid in excess PTH secretion increases blood calcium and causes soft fragile bones
|
|
Adrenal disorders
|
Crushing syndrome excess cortical secretion moon face buffalo hump
AGS adrenogenital syndrome enlargement of external sexual organs in children and early onset of puberty deep voice in women |
|
Diabetes Mellitus
|
Signs and symptoms of hyposecretion of insulin
Blood glucose levels rise above transport maximum of kidney tubules glucose remains in urine ketones also present increased osmolarity draws water into urine. |
|
Types of Diabetes
|
Type 1 IDDM You're born with and you require insulin injections
Type 2 NIDDM insulin resistance failure of target cells to respond to insulin treated with weight loss program of diet and exercise |
|
Pathology of Diabetes
|
Acute pathology cells cannot absorb glucose rely on fat and proteins
|
|
Hyperinsulism
|
insulin shock uncorrected hyperinsulinism with diorientation convulsions or unconsciiousness.
|
|
Insulin
|
The thing that encourages the storage of fats
|
|
Glucagon
|
Encourages burning of fats
|