Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Peristalsis
|
Alternate waves of contractions & relaxations for propulsion
|
|
Segmentation
|
Rhythmic, local constrictions of small intestines
|
|
Mastication
|
Chewing
|
|
Deglutition
|
Swallowing
|
|
Defecation
|
Elimination of indigestible substances via the anus (feces).
|
|
Mass Movements
|
Long, slow-moving, powerful contractile waves that move over colon 3-4 times a day, forcing everything to rectum
|
|
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
|
3 - 1. Openings of submandibular ducts (2) - 75% of saliva
2. Sublingual glands (2) - 5% of saliva 3. Parotid glands (2) - thicker, more mucus, near ear - 20% of saliva |
|
Visceral smooth muscle vs. Ordinary smooth muscle
|
Visceral - Organs (stretches)
Ordinary - Blood vessels (can't stretch) |
|
What structural modifications allow the digestive epithelia to expand?
|
Rugae (wrinkles)
|
|
What is the first line of cellular defense?
|
Phagocytes
|
|
What are the roles of the Thoracic Duct and the Right Lymphatic Duct?
|
R Lymphatic Duct drains lymph from R upper limb, R of head and thorax.
Thoracic Duct drains lymph from everywhere else. |
|
What type of cells does the Thymus produce?
|
Mature lymphocytes (T cells?)
|
|
Describe vascular capillaries.
|
Contain a basement membrane, smooth, round.
|
|
Describe lymphatic capillaries.
|
Begin as "dead ends" or blind pockets, no basement membrane, larger, flatter, fatter, endothelial shingling, lumpy, extremely low pressure, golden fluid.
|
|
Where is the cysterna chyli found?
|
At the base of the thoracic duct; it collects lymphatic fluid from the diaphragm.
|
|
Where is the thymus located? What is its fate?
|
Above the heart; it enlarges during the first year of life, then shrinks and is eventually replaced with fibrous, fatty tissue.
|
|
What is the main role of lymphocytes (in general)?
|
"Main warriors of the immune system"
|
|
Where are lymphocytes found in the body? (Where don't we find them?)
|
Everywhere except in the CNS and cornea.
30% of WBCs are lymphocytes. Majority are in: 1. Blood 2. Spleen 3. Thymus |
|
Lymphandenitis
|
Inflammation of the lymph node. Ex: sore throat.
|
|
Lymphedema
|
Severe, localized edema, usually caused by a blockage of lymphatics such as a tumor or removal of lymphatics by surgery.
|
|
Lymphadenopathy
|
Any disease of the lymph nodes.
|
|
Explain the Inflammatory Response in detail... what triggers it?
|
Triggered by: Histamine, Heparin &/or Seratonin
1. Increased blood flow 2. Phagocytes activated 3. Capillaries get leaky 4. Complement activated 5. Clotting isolates region 6. Increased regional temp 7. Specific defense activated |
|
What are the roles of (Interleukins) IL-1 and IL-7?
|
IL-1 - Stimulate T cells - endogenous pyrogen - fever inducer.
IL-7 - No one really knows - helps stimulate B cell maturity. |
|
Differentiate between Active Immunity (Natural & Induced), Passive Immunity (Natural & Induced) and Innate Immunity.
|
Innate - Born with
Active: Natural - Exposed to Ag; Induced - Immunization Passive: Natural - From Mom; Induced - Anti-Sera |
|
Where are B cells and NK cells formed?
|
Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
|
|
Where are T cels formed?
|
Red bone marrow, then mature in thymus
|
|
What are the structural, functional and biological differences between classes of immunoglobulins?
|
IgE - Y-shaped - allergies
IgG - Y-shaped - long-term protection IgD - Y-shaped - activate stimulated B cells IgM - Pentamer (snowflake) - 1st response to new virus/bacteria IgA - Dimer (Ti Fighter) - found in glandular secretions |
|
What are the possible biological consequences of an antibody binding to an antigen?
|
Neutralization, Aglutenization, Prevention of adhesion, Activating complement
|
|
What are the functions, characteristics, and groupings of HLAs (human leukocyte antigens)?
|
MAC Class I - produced by all nucleated cells - stimulate Ts & Tc
MAC Class II - only APCs make this (only when presenting antigens) - sensitize Th or B cells |
|
What cell type becomes stimulated when an antigen binds to a Class I - HLA molecule? ... to a Class II - HLA molecule?
|
MAC Class I - Ts and Tc
MAC Class II - Th or B cells |
|
Mesenteries
|
Double layer of peritoneum extending to digestive organs; provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to reach digestive viscera; "Hangers"
|
|
Muscularis muscosae
|
Layer of smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa - outside lamina propria
|
|
Muscularis externa
|
Surrounding submucosa; responsible for segmentation and peristalsis; prevents backflow
|
|
Describe the different types of epithelial linings in various portions of the digestive tract... Which type of epithelia predominates?
|
Stratified squamous (mouth & throat & upper esophagus)
Simple columnar (intestines & stomach) Stratified squamous (rectum) |
|
Vestibule
|
Inside of bottom lip, in front of mouth
|
|
Alveolus
|
Socket where tooth lays
|
|
Gingiva
|
Gum
|
|
Uvula
|
Tissue tag hanging from soft palate at back of mouth
|
|
What is a lacteal and what is its function?
|
Wide lymph capillary within each villi; absorb digested food (larger molecules)
|
|
What is the function of plicae and where do they reach maximum size with the most developed villi?
|
Increased surface area; Jejunum.
|
|
Where does the small intestine attach to the stomach?
|
Pylorus attaches to the duodenum
|
|
Where does the small intestine attach to the large intestine?
|
Ileum attaches to the cecum
|
|
What are the functions and secretions of Parietal cells?
|
HCl and Intrinsic Factor
|
|
What are the functions and secretions of Chief cells?
|
Pepsinogen (inactive protease)
|
|
What are the functions and secretions of G-cells (enteroendocrine cells)?
|
H gastrin
|
|
What is the fundus of the stomach?
|
The rounded top, where acid is made
|
|
What is the cardia of the stomach?
|
Area right after esophagus
|
|
What is the pylorus of the stomach?
|
Area right before the pyloric sphincter
|
|
In the stomach, what are the gastric pits?
|
Location of the Parietal, Chief & G-cells - where acid is made
|
|
What is the lesser curvature of the stomach?
|
The smaller curvature, on the "inside" or "top" of the stomach.
|
|
What is the greater curvature of the stomach?
|
The larger curvature, on the "outside" or "bottom" of the stomach
|
|
What is the role of enterokinase?
|
It is an enzyme that converts inactive protease to active protease
|
|
Describe the lobes of the liver.
|
There are 4: the Right (largest), Left, Caudate and Quadrate.
|
|
What are Kupffer Cells and where are they found?
|
Liver - aid in waste removal (phagocytosis)
|
|
What is the role of bile salts?
|
Emulsify fats
|
|
What is the role of CCK (cholecystokinase)?
|
Stimulates the gall bladder; released by the duodenum.
|
|
What is the role of Gastrin?
|
Stimulates the stomach to make HCl.
|
|
What is the role of Secretin?
|
Stimulates the pancreas; released by the duodenum.
|
|
What is the role of GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)?
|
Stops acid production in stomach.
|
|
What is the Gastric Phase of digestion?
|
When food arrives in the stomach.
|
|
What is the Cephalic Phase of digestion?
|
Seeing, hearing, smelling or thinking of food.
|
|
What is the Intestinal Phase of digestion?
|
Food enters the duodenum as acid chyme for neutralization.
|
|
What happens when acid chyme reaches the duodenum?
|
Beginning of Intestinal Phase - lots of CCK & Secretin produced, bile comes in -- Neutralization begins
|
|
What are the Greater and Lesser Omentums? Where are they found and what is their function?
|
They are fat "aprons" hanging from greater & lesser curvatures of stomach; provide a route for blood vessels, protect soft tissues and store fat.
|
|
Name the parts of the tooth.
|
Crown, Neck, Root; Enamel, Dentin, Pulp Cavity (contains blood vessels & nerves), Root Canal.
|
|
What are the Incisors used for and how many do we have?
|
8 (2 in each quad) - clipping ("hatchets")
|
|
What are the Cuspids used for and how many do we have?
|
4 (1 in each quad) - tearing ("canines")
|
|
What are the Bicuspids used for and how many do we have?
|
8 (2 in each quad) - tearing ("premolars")
|
|
What are the Molars used for and how many do we have?
|
12 (3 in each quad) - crushing
|
|
What ligament anchors the tooth to the alveolus of the jaw?
|
The periodontal ligament
|
|
What are the 3 stages of swallowing?
|
1. Oral (as long as we want)
2. Pharyngeal (<1 second due to closing of epiglottis) 3. Esophageal (<9 seconds) |
|
Name the tonsils and how many of each.
|
Adenoid (1), Palatine (2), Lingual (2)
|
|
What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
|
Lingual Frenulum
|
|
What is the role of the Tc Cells?
|
Cytotoxic - Hand-to-Hand Combat
|
|
What is the role of the Th Cells?
|
Helper T-cells - "on switch"
|
|
What is the role of the Ts Cells?
|
Suppressor T-Cells - "off switch"
|
|
What is the role of B Cells?
|
Chemical warfare - differentiate into plasma cells, which pump out antibodies
|
|
What is the role of NK Cells?
|
"Scouts" - they look for cancer, foreign cells and virus-infected cells
|
|
Thymus is to "daycare" as Thymosins are to..
|
"Teachers at daycare" - 9 hormones in the thymus that stimulate the growth of the lymphocytes.
|
|
What is the purpose of the soft palate of the mouth?
|
Directs food downward & alerts brain to begin acid production in the stomach
|