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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Parts of the skeletal system
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Bones, Joints, Cartilages, Ligaments
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Functions of bones
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1. Support the body
2. Protect soft organs 3. Allow movement due to attachments to skeletal muscle 4. Store minerals and fat 5. Blood cell formation |
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How many bones does the adult skeleton have?
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206
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Two basic types of bones
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Compact bone & Spongy bone
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Characteristics of compact bone
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Homogeneous
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Characteristics of spongy bone
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1. Small needle-like pieces of bone
2. Many open spaces 3. Lighter, but not as strong 4. Open spaces are usually filled with marrow |
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Bone shapes
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Long, short, flat, irregular
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Long bone characteristics
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1. Longer than wide
2. Generally have a shaft with a head 3. Contain mostly compact bone 4. Mainly limbs |
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Short bone characteristics
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1. Generally cubed shaped
2. Contain mostly spongy bone |
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Flat bone characteristics
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1. Thin, flat, and usually curved
2. Two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone |
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Irregular bone characteristics
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1. Irregular shape
2. Do not fit into other bone classification categories |
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Axial skeleton
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Vertical axis, consists of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
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Appendicular skeleton
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All of the limbs, including scapulae, pelvis, and clivicles
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Anatomy of a long bone: Diaphysis
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Shaft of the bone, composed of compact bone
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Anatomy of a long bone: Epiphysis
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Ends of bones, composed mostly of spongy bone
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Anatomy of a long bone: Periosteum
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Outside covering of the diaphysis, connective tissue that surrounds the bone, composed of fibrous dense connective tissue
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Anatomy of a long bone: Sharpey's fibers
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Secure the periosteum to underlying bone
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Anatomy of a long bone: Arteries
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Supply bone cells with nutrients
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Anatomy of a long bone: Articular Cartilage
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Decreases friction between bones, made of hyaline cartilage, covers the external surface of the epiphyses
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Anatomy of a long bone: Epiphyseal plate
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Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone
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Endosteum
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lines meduallary cavity and spongy bone
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Anatomy of a long bone: Epiphyseal line
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Remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones
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Anatomy of a long bone: Medullary cavity
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Cavity inside of the shaft of a bone that contains marrow (yellow in adults, red in infants)
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Microscopic anatomy: Osteon
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functional unit of bone containing the central canal and matrix rings
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Microscopic anatomy: Central (haversian) Canal
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Opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic anatomy: Perforating (volkmans) canal
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Canal perpendicular to the central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic anatomy: Lacunae
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Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes), arranged in concentric rings
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Microscopic anatomy: Lammellae
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Sites of lacunae, rings of bone matrix around the central canal
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Microscopic anatomy: Canaliculi
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Tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae, gives bone cells their nutrients
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The skeleton of an embryo is composed of what?
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hyaline cartilage, during development it is replaced by bone, this is called ossification
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Where does cartilage remain in the skeleton after development is complete?
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Bridge of bone, parts of ribs, joints
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What allows for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood?
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Epiphyseal plates
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What is happening when a person grows taller?
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new cartilage is formed and the old becomes ossified
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What allows epiphseal plates to grow?
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the cartilage contains chondrocytes which undergo rapid cell division which are generating new cartilage continuously
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How does cartilage become ossified?
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the cartilage is broken down and digested away opening up a medullary cavity, bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts
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Osteoblasts
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Build bone matrix
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Osteoclasts
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Break down bone matrix
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What causes bones to remodel?
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1. Blood calcium levels
2. Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton |
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Appositional growth
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Growth of bone width
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Life long bone remodeling
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1.Appositional growth
2.changes in bone shape 3.change in bone density |
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Resorption
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dissolving of bone matrix
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Types of bone cells
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osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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What is the main function of osteoclasts?
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Break down bone matrix and release calcium from bones
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What signals osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium?
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Parathyroid hormone
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Two components of bone matrix
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Protein and crystals
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Bone matrix protein in composed of what?
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collagen and elastin (makes bones flexible)
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Bone matrix crystals are composed of what?
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Calcium phosphate crystals (makes bones solid, hard, and load bearing)
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