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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
macronutrients
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nutrients required in large amounts.
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micronutrients
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nutrients required in small quantities
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What are the essential elements?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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What are the Macronutrients?
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Nitrogen, phospherous, Potasium
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What are the Micronutrients?
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Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfer, Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc
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what are macronutrients?
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nutrients required in large amounts.
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what are micronutrients?
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nutrients required in small quantities
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What are the essential elements?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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What are the Macronutrients?
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Nitrogen, phospherous, Potasium
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What are the Micronutrients?
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Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfer, Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc
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The the essential elements are supplied to the plant mainly through _______ and ________.
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Air and Water
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The essential elements are converted into ___________ by photosynthesis.
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carbohydrates
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For the fertilizer label: 20-10-8
what do the numbers represent? |
20% N
10% P 8% K |
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What does it mean for a nutrient to be mobile?
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a deficiency of a given nutrient effects the whole plant, both new and old leaves
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What does it mean for a nutrient to be immobile?
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a deficiency of a given nutrient effects only new leaf growth
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what is nitrogen responsible for in a plant?
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Plant growth and protein production, green color, shoot and root density, helps fight disease
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What happens when a plant is deprived of nitrogen?
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There is a yellowing of the leaves
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What is Phosphorous responsible for?
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root formation, rapid root establishment and maturation, stimulates fruit/seed production
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is nitrogen mobile or immobile?
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mobile
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is phosphorous mobile or immobile?
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immobile
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What happens when a plant is deprived of phosphorous (P)?
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Older leaves darker, chlorosis in leaf veins & chlorophyll containing cells
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What role does potassium (K) play in a plant?
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Increases cell wall structure, Increases vigor to fight off disease, promotes heat, cold, and wear tolerance
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is potassium (K) mobile or immobile?
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it is very mobile
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What happens to a plant when it is deficient of Potassium (K)?
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It becomes mottled chlorosis, tissue death near leaf margins and tips, leaf curl and blackening, aborted fruits and seeds
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_________ is the ability for a molecule to want to stick to other molecules.
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adhesion
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_________ is the ability for a molecule to want to stick to the same molecule
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cohesion
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________ is when a molecule of high concentration wants to go to an area of low concentration
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osmosis? diffusion? my professor says osmosis but my past teachers/professors have said diffusion.
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Water potential is based on _________ and ________.
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energy and position
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what is the only micronutrient that is mobile?
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magnesium
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adding salutes increases or reduces ψ?
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reduces
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What are the 5 classic PGRs?
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Auxin, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, ethylene, cytokinins
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Auxin is responsible for what four functions in a plant?
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Apical dominance, sink strength, reproductive growth and development, tropisms
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What plant functions are Gibberellic acids responsible for?
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Bolting, stimulate seed germination
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What plant functions are Abscisic acid (ABA) responsible for?
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Promotes seed dormancy, closure of stomata,
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What plant functions does Ethylene have in a plant?
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fruit ripening, leaf abscission, epinastic growth
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what plant functions do Cytocinnins have in a plant?
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cell division, and shoot development in tissue culture
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Parthenocarpic fruit refers to what kind of fruit?
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seedless fruit
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This type of fruit can continue to ripen even after being picked, resulting from ethylene in the fruit.
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climateric fruit
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This is a leaf response to ethylene where leaves curl downwards.
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epinasty
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In tissue culture the plant hormone _______ is used for root elongation
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Auxin
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Water always wants to travel to an area of more or less water potential?
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to a less (or more negative) water potential
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transpiration
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water loss thru leaves
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what environmental factors influence transpiration
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temperature: higher temp = higher transpiration
humidity: higher humid = lower transpiration air current= more wind, more transpiration |
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the transpiration rate will double for how many degree rise in temperature
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10 degrees
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why does transpiration increase when it is windy?
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wind will strip the boundary layer, which controls the amount of water loss
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how do plants CLOSE their stomatal openings?
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move potassium ions out of guard cell, and water follows it due to osmosis
-active transport (req. energy)`` |
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how do plants OPEN their stomatal openings?
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potassium ions move inside, water follows. causes stomates to open by turgor pressure``
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phloem loading
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active process in which sugar is moved to the sieve tube of the phloem for transportation```
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why is phloem loading an active process
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bc sugars are being moved from low concentration to high concentration
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aphids
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small insectes who eat phloem sap
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water potential
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the energy present due to its position.
water will move from any area of high concentration to low concentration |
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diffusion
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random molecular movement into equal concentration
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osmosis
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movement of water from high concentration to low concentration through a membrane
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is osmosis a passive or active movement?
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passive
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bulk flow
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movement together in one direction due to pressure gradient
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absorption by roots
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water enters the root by osmosis
salt is higher in roots than soil so water will enter roots |
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cohesion tension theory
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water will bond to itself and other substances
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is water being pushed or pulled through the plant
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both
root pressure: push transpiration: pull |
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what is the driving force of water movement
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transpiration by leaves
as the plant transpires, it pulls more water up |
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do plants have determinate or indeterminate growth?
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indeterminate
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are plant organs determinate or indeterminate
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determinate
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propagation
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human intervention in cross a plant
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haploid
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getting the same amount of eggs from the father and mother
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diploid
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contain two sets of chromosomes
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what is a monocarp
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a plant that blooms once and then dies
-may take several years to bloom |
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the plant hormone _________ is used for shoot elongation
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Cytocinnins
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disadvantage of sexual propagation
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must have a male (relies on pollination & fertilization)
out breeding may destroy well adapted varieties each plant may be different from parent |
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what 3 factors inhibit germination
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physical (seed coat)
physiological (embryo) environment |
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T/F: the plant needs precise nutrients in the soil to germinate
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false.
nutrients are usually not needed because the seed has food reserves |
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medium
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any material used for rooting or potting plants
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advantages of sexual reproduction
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maintains genetic adversity, which gives the plant the ability to adapt to new and changing environments
not as much invested in each plant seeds are well protected from environment |
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advantages of asexual propagation
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genetically identical
don't need a mate size |
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disadvantages of asexual propagation
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lack of diversity
disease storage labor |
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totipotency
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every cell in a plant has the ability to reproduce the entire plant
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factos influencing grafting
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compatibility of stock and scion
environmental factors condition of stock plant condition of scion plant |
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apomixis
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embryo development without fertilization
-formation of seed without union of egg and pollen |
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callus tissue
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undifferentiated cells tat can become whatever you want them to be, depending on how you treat them
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stages in tissue culture
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establishment
proliferation pretransplant transplant |
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apical dominance
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apicals have more auxin which suppresses the growth of the lateral buds
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sink strength
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the pull of what would cause the sugar to end going to one structure vs. another
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gravitropism & auxin
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when the root is tipped, auxin levels will be higher on the bottom and it will suppress the growth of the cells on the bottom
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phototropism
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plants response to unilateral light, which means the plant has more light coming from one side
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phototropism & auxin
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higher auxin levels will help on the dark side of the plant, and promote cell growth towards the light
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Gibberellic Acids (GA's) & bolting
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high rate of internode elongation, and results in flowering
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Abscisic Acid (ABA)
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responsible for stomatal closing
produced in the roots, transported to the leaves |
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Ethylene
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Plant growth regulator
causes abscission only plant PGR that is a gas |
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Cytokinins
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promotes cell division, natural shoot growth
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t/f: meristems usually have a lot of ctyokinins bc they are responsible for root growth
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false.
meristems usually have a lot of ctyokinins bc they are responsible for cell division |
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what do anti GA's do? (Gibberellic Acids)
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help with limiting growth
ex/ lawn wont grow as fast |
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how does auxin help fruit
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-auxin will help to thin the fruit to reduce competition
-if applied at the end of the fruiting season, auxin will help to keep the fruit on the tree longer |
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what are the 2 things that GA will help with
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delayed aging, which helps to increase size
can change fruit shape |
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what are the 2 things Ethylene helps with
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fruit abscission
fruit ripening |
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what will a defoliant do to leaves
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will cause the leaves to fall of and die
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what are the 6 requirements of a growing medium
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light weight
inexpensive easily managed well-drained weed and pest free adequate nutrients |
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4 inorganic compounds
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sand
vermiculite perlite rockwool |
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3 organic compounds
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peat
wood residues plant residues |
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what is the benefits of organic compounds
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improve water retention
CEC |
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what is the benefit of a coarse aggregate like sand and permiculite
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add drainage
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hydroponics
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cultivation of plants without soil
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T/F: hydroponics should have a low Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
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true, because we want to control nutrients with the nutrient solution
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