X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The experiment investigates a GM tube and a GM counter and the relationships of radiation. The experiment uses a GM tube to detect radiation coming from a source. This is done by the decay particle ionizing and causing the charge to build up in the tube, which is discharged and the discharge is counted by the counter and added to a display. The GM tube must be calibrated at the best voltage so that the count rate is independent of the voltage. A test was done to find this value by changing the…

techniques given below. • Powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) • Ultraviolet –Visible spectrometry(UV) • Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) • Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) 1.8.1 Powder XRD analysis (PXRD) The structural information of the prepared samples is examined through powder X-ray diffraction. X-ray crystallography is a tool, which is used to identify the crystal structure of a system. By measuring the angles and intensities of the diffraction pattern, we…

The CT scanner Depends upon several steps:- 1-The x-ray tube and detector transverse (scan) the object. 2-The radiation beam passes through the object and is attenuated. The intensity of radiation beam from x- ray tube and transmitted beam both are detected by suitable detectors. 3-The transmitted beam and the references beam are both converted into electric signals. 4-These output current signals are then converted into digital form by analog –to-digital converter. 5-The digital data are…

Lab 4: Crystal Structure and X-Ray Diffraction of Materials Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to study the relationship between the geometry of a sample and its diffraction patterns through an exploration of reciprocal space. In this experiment, both a single crystal piece of Si with a (004) reflection plane and a Si powder sample are scanned, as well as the peaks the locations of the diffraction peaks on the single crystal. The collected data is then analyzed to determine the…

An x- ray spectrometer is a type of instrument that is used to get analysis on rocks, minerals, and fluids in a non- destructive way (XRF, 2002). The way this device works is on a wavelength similar to an electron microbe (XRF, 2002). The only way this is possible…

TITLE: QUALITATIVE PHASE IDENTIFICATION & CRYSTAL STRUSTURE ANALYSIS OF ISONICOTINAMIDE POLYMORPHS. INTRODUCTION The science of crystallography is important in stability studies and determination of solid state molecule or particles. Isonicotinamide (pyridine -4- carboxamide) is the amide form of isonicotinic acid which exists as different polymorphs. Isonicotinamide finds extensive use in the pharmaceutical industry because of its good anti-tubercular, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic and…

Computed Tomography A CT scan is produced using plenty of x-ray images from lots of different angles using computerized axial tomography (cat). It produces cross-sectional images or slices of bones, tissues and the angio portion which is produced through a CTA (cat scan angio) allows professionals to view the blood vessels. It is a great medical tool, with interesting history and of course like everything else in the worldwide medicine, it has its pros and cons. A Computed Tomography scan is a…

All the powders were protected from light by wrapping the vials with an aluminium foil. After one month storage, the powder samples were evaluated for drug content, in vitro aerosolization, surface morphology and solid state characterization by X-ray diffraction studies following the above mentioned procedures. Statistical analysis All the data was processed and their mean ± standard deviation values were determined using the Microsoft® Excel spreadsheets. Statistical analysis of the data (mean…

rotation and translations. However, this study also reported that intermediate may behaving badly. For many reactions occurring via supposedly achiral intermediates afforded optically active products. These behavior changes described by the ultrafast spectroscopies allowed a reactive intermediates to be detected directly and also allowed an unambiguous tracking of the energy flow during the formation and reaction of theses intermediates. Also, by the hardware and software, which allowed…

with aerosolization of kanamycin alone, and minimise the mass of powder to be inhaled by avoiding use of non-active excipients. Kanamycin was co-spray-dried with rifampicin using a Buchi Mini Spray-dryer. The surface composition was determined by X-ray…