X chromosome

The human genome is composed of millions of molecules of DNA perfectly packaged into 23 chromosomes. Each human is the result of a combination of the same four nucleotides, yet every single one is unique. Perhaps, this is due to the slight variation in each human’s DNA, or maybe the explanation lies in a person’s upbringing. The purpose of studying human development is to understand why people change by applying the scientific method to existing theories, which provide the basis for…

Have you ever heard of Wolf -Hirschhorn syndrome? Odds are you haven’t, considering that only around 1 out of 50,000 children have it. This rare condition may seem like it is unimportant and small, but people who have it may suffer from Delayed growth, Seizures, Intellectual disability, and Muscle weakness. Since there is no cure this drastically affects the person until the end of their life. During pregnancy while undergoing routine checkups in the first trimester a doctor can diagnose…

“without cartilage formation.” The name comes from the complications in ossification caused by the genetic defect. The gene responsible for the defect was discovered in 1994 by Dr. John Wasmuth, at the University of California at Irvine. Located on chromosome 4, achondroplasia is the most common type of dwarfism, caused by a mutation of the FGFR3 gene. The defect is usually random, where the parents do not have achondroplasia. It affects around 1 in 25000 people. An ultrasound can help detect…

matter that stays moist. Fruit flies undergoes 4 (egg, larva, pupa, and adult) stages of metamorphosis during their life span. Depending on the temperature fruit flies’ metamorphosis last from 7 to 50 days, Although fruit flies only have four chromosomes, they have similar gene with human's genes (Glick, Neimeier…

Y chromosome is a sex determine chromosome among many species including modern humans. Modern studies in genome suggested that Y chromosome arose from the accumulations of mutations of other chromosomes and have some special genes on it which determine the gender of the carrier; however, some non-mammalian animals carry the Y chromosome even if their genders are not determine by the appearance of the Y chromosome. The Y chromosome works differently on the mammalian and non-mammalian so in this…

“mongolism” before it was later termed Down syndrome in honor of his discovery. Nearly a century later, geneticists Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs reported the chromosomal abnormality for the first time in humans to be secondary to a trisomy of chromosome 21 [1]. The reason that Down syndrome is still so common today is because there has been an increase in older women having babies. Maternal age is an important factor that plays into the possibility of a child being born with Down syndrome.…

syndrome, also known as TS and gonadal dysgenesis, is a chromosomal deficiency affecting over two million women that occur when two of the X chromosomes in a female’s DNA are either incomplete or missing entirely. It usually becomes apparent when a female is only a few years old, or even shortly following her birth. The missing genetic material of the X chromosome keeps the female body from maturing on its own. Because Turner syndrome is different for every female and an individual experience,…

Cellular manufacturing is an application of Group Technology in which machines or processes have been aggregated into cells, each of which is dedicated to production of a part or product family or limited group of families. Parts with similar processing requirements are identified; these are then placed into logical groups called part families and the equipment requirements for each part family are subsequently determined. A part family is a collection of parts which are similar either because…

without Turner syndrome, they have two sex chromosomes. For males, that would be one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. For females, they would have two X chromosomes. For females who have Turner syndrome, they have one normal X chromosome and the other is either missing or structurally altered. The chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells in the affected person’s parent. When a pair of chromosomes fails to separate during the formation of…

forty-seventh chromosome in their cells. Though this may seem like a minimal change beyond the norm, these are the instructions for how the body should develop and if anything is thrown off balance it could result in extreme anomalies. During a process called meiosis, a type of cell division, a sperm or egg may experience a critical error called nondisjunction where the sex chromosomes do not split correctly. When nondisjunction occurs, the sperm or egg will have an extra chromosome which will…