Wnt signaling pathway

central role in canonical WNT signaling pathway to success the gene transcription process (Clevers and Nusse., 2012). Regulation and degradation of CTNNB1 take place at the cellular level through phosphorylation of serine and/or threonine amino acid residues. Specific kinase proteins responsible for activation or degradation of CTNNB1, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) phosphorylate Ser33, Ser37 and Thr41 residues in order degrade CTNNB1. Similarly, casein kinase-1 (CK1) at Ser45 residue (Fang et al., 2007). Activation CTNNB1 happen…

I have accomplished many things in my life that have taught me lessons of perseverance, patience, responsibility and adaptability. The three accomplishments that stand out the most in my mind are my temple marriage, bearing and raising children and completing the Pathway program. I was sealed for time and all eternity in the Mesa, Arizona Temple on February 3, 2000. It was a life goal of mine since I was a little girl. Even though I had some setbacks and had to refocus and get my life back…

offspring, although pleasures in the brain are registered similarly, whether that be a feeling of satisfaction after a meal, a sexual encounter, or the “high” from alcohol or drugs. Activation of this reward pathway informs the individual to repeat the act in order to be rewarded with the same pleasures the stimuli had originally given it. Some of the main structures that constitute the reward system include the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the medial forebrain…

in the form of foot shock, elevates the dopamine level in the nucleus accumbens and results in more amphetamine and cocaine self-administration (Goeders and Guerin, 1994), suggesting that stress chemicals, such as CRF, glucocorticoids(GCs) , and norepinephrine (NE), have the ability to directly modulate dopaminergic pathway and in turn, response to stress and cue (Johnson et al, 2016). In details, the increase in CRF released during stress and received by the VTA might enhance dopamine release…

Cells send signals through steps of signal transduction pathway. Cells communicate through chemical messages long distance and in a short radius. Different Types of Signaling In long distance and short distance signaling there are many different types of signaling used for communication between cells. The local communication is done through paracrine signaling or synaptic signaling; long distance signaling is called hormonal signaling. Within these two ways of communication, specific chemicals…

The Controversy behind Endocrine Disruptors Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can cause an individual’s endocrine, neurological or immune system to not function properly. Many chemicals have been deemed endocrine disruptors but are still used heavily today. They can be seen in things such as, plastics, cosmetics and pesticides among other products. Whether or not the benefits that using certain compounds affords us is worth the damage they can potentially cause is the basis for the…

The Real Reasons Why So Many People Overshare on Social Media People are becoming less and less mindful their posts on the web due to an temporary feeling media has. People are oversharing when posting because they feel drown out by the din on the contemporary media landscape. This is a problem because rather than attracting authentic attention we are only adding to the din of the noise. Before the creation of social media, an “oversharer” was someone who within the first couple minutes of…

Network Topology Analysis (NTA) examines the local positioning of significantly altered metabolites within the pathways annotated by KEGG. NTA estimates a Pathway Impact index using a measure of the centrality (Relative Betweeness Centrality) of detected metabolites in relation to all compounds within a given metabolic network. Centrality is a local quantitative measure of the position of a metabolite relative to the other metabolites by calculating the number of shortest paths going through the…

This reward circuit involves pathways from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. All drugs of abuse activate this system either directly or indirectly increasing the level of dopamine, although it is also widely recognized that other neurotransmitters, such as opiate peptides, play a role in the experience of drug reward and may be important in mediating the experience of pleasure or liking in response to a rewarding stimulus. (qtd in Durrant, et…

Rate of Reaction for Enzyme Peroxidase When analyzing living organisms, it is merely impossible to overlook the role that metabolism plays. Metabolism, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in a living organisms cells. When referring to metabolism, one must also note that metabolism contains two distinct metabolic pathways, catabolic and anabolic. Catabolic pathways involve the process of breaking down molecules in order to obtain the energy needed by living organisms. Meanwhile,…