Whitebark Pine

are keystone species, community ecology tends to focus on this group of Angiosperms. A staple example can be found in Lanner’s (1996) book, aptly titled Made for Each Other: A symbiosis of Birds and Pines. Here, Whitebark pine acts as a keystone species, and has an intricate relationship with Clark’s nutcrackers (fig. 4). Whitebark pine seeds can only be dispersed when an animal carries it away. This is done by two animals: Red Squirrels and Clark’s nutcrackers. Clark’s nutcrackers hide small hordes of seeds, sometimes underground. The bird cannot recover all of them, and thus the seeds will germinate. Squirrels, on the other hand, create large piles of the seeds, and so fewer will germinate. Thus, the relationship between bird and pine is symbiotic. The pine itself is used by over 110 species as either a food source or shelter (Lanner, 1996), or may even act as nursery trees in high elevation environments. Because gymnosperms exist in modern relationships to this day, they should not be excluded as ‘living fossils’, biding their time until the angiosperm takeover. In the case of the Whitebark pine, it is not angiosperms, but instead human activity that is putting them at risk. Because fire plays an integral role in providing Whitebark pine regeneration habitats, Whitebark pines numbers are declining as a result of human fire suppression (Keane & Arno, 1993). Disturbance As presented above, disturbance has consequences for an entire community. While human disturbance is…

The effects of white pine blister rust on biodiversity in whitebark pine stands Today we are living in a world of unprecedented and often very rapid change to the environment (Ellison et al. 2005). With the accidental introduction of exotic pathogens into areas they previously did not exist, the forest ecosystems of the world are being profoundly impacted and altered (Tomback and Resler 2007). The introduction of diseases, especially fungal diseases, have in some cases, either entirely…

coevolution is much more common than specific coevolution, and though the interactions between the species are similar, they are necessarily more complex. A prime example of this is the interaction between the limber pine (Pinus flexilis), the American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), and the Clark 's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). The interaction between these three species is complex, with selective pressures on each species affecting the others. The limber pine and the American…

In Robert Frost's Poem "Stopping By Woods on A Snowy Evening" the speaker chooses to surround himself with the dangers of nature away from the comforts of society; whereas Tennyson's "The Lady of Shalott" is in a tower locked away from the beauties of society because of her own fears. As the speaker in Frost's poem secludes himself from society he notices the dangers around him and what they could potentially cause. In Robert Frost's poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" he describes a man…

Out of all, the burned area showed a significant increase in longleaf pines, (Pinus Palustris) and a decrease in woody species, compared to the unburned area. In fact, it jumped from a frequency of 15 in the unburned area to a frequency of 50; which is two times that of the burned area (see figure 1). Compared to all other species of tree, Pinus Palustris experienced the most increase of frequency. Whereas, Pinus Clausa or sand pine, was only present in the burned area showing that it was a…

Jon Forrester never left his room. Which was common for a writer. The only times were for a smoke, or too lie up on the roof and watch the planes fly by. The planes were headed somewhere important. Off too burn a couple of traitors, no doubt.Anybody with two functioning eyeballs could see the bombs hanging off the belly of the machines. End of the world shit. Anybody with a brain knew that the taste of sulfur and gas in the air, wasn’t natural. Nor was the way the skyline would light up like…

day. Whether it the temperate conditions outside or actual concrete matter, you are impacted in a great way. This can be seen in the poems Thanatopsis by William Bryant on page 123 and To the Pine Tree by Jane Schoolcraft on page 162. There are many similarities and differences that can be noticed between the two poems. Despite having more differences such as themes and overall poem structure; there are similarities as well; such as, the joy or gladness nature provides to people and also the…

Namely, the highest train track in Europe, or The Petit Train D’Artousete. This antique engine and cars are in the Pyrenees National Park. Specifically, this small railroad travels from La Sagette Peak to Lake Artouste. To get to the boarding area for this magnificent ride, tourists drive vehicles and ride a tram to the Sagette ski station. Once there, they board the quaint little train and traverse some fifty minutes in and around some of the most beautiful scenery in Europe (Pyrenees…

When one thinks about dirt, what comes to mind? Dirty items, like dirty shoes, shirts, and pants. The question comes up, is dirt really dirty? Take this thought, you play baseball, and you slide into home plate. When you get up, happy you scored the run, and you dust the dirt off. So now you are all dirty, or are you? Can they be such a thing as clean dirt? In our lab, we were giving two bags of dirt, one looked like dirt you would dig up from someone back yard (sample B), the second one was…

After awhile the old man riding in the front seat said, “Here”. Shamus’s father stopped the car and the three of them got out. Across a small coulee Shamus could see a small stream flowing from a mountain covered with majestic pine trees. The stream was flowing from an opening in the mountain canyon and Shamus swallowed deeply as he suddenly realized that the stream was the same one he had seen in the painting on the wall at his friend’s house. The stream was flowing from the mouth of Mission…