White nose syndrome

Spina Bifida Spina Bifida is a birth defect where the bones of the vertebrae in the spine don’t form fully around the spinal cord. It could happen anywhere on the vertebrae, producing swelling under the skin wherever the opening is. Spina Bifida happens to be a common birth defect of neural tube defects. 1,500 to 2,000 of the more than 4 million babies born in the country each year are affected. There are three main types of Spina Bifida; Occulta, Meningocele, and Myelomeningocele. . The most…

The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) theory of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) The initial theory of MMR, in connection with ASD, being due to an article published by Wakefield et al., (1998). The editorial, that was published in ‘The Lancet’, caused a worldwide panic. Godlee, Smith and Marcovitch (2011) explain how Wakefield’s 1998 paper was fraudulent, and also seen as an unethical research project. Furthermore, Wakefield’s paper was retracted from ‘The Lancet’ and has since been stripped of…

Summary Ajit Narayanan describes his work surrounding children with autism. With regard to language, the main issue that children on the spectrum experience is difficulty with abstraction and symbolism. After all, language is an arbitrary representation of reality. Therefore, pictures rather than words have been shown to aid these children with comprehension. In particular, Narayanan (2014) developed a program called Avaz, which essentially converts sequenced pictures into spoken sentences.…

“My child was fine last week, last month – and now I have lost her. This is not my child; what has happened? What do I do? (Sudden & Severe Onset)” For every parent with a child that has an illness, this seems to be a recurring story. Many parents and specialists are desperate for an explanation that makes sense as to why this a child may be fine one day and a completely different child the next, and unfortunately do not find answers. Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated…

Hypernasal speech occurs when there is too much airflow coming through the nasal cavity making sounds more breathy. Hyponasal speech occurs when too little airflow comes through the nasal cavity making the sounds sound as if the child has a plugged nose (Nagarajan, Savitha, & Subramaniyan, 2009). Velopharyngeal dysfunction is the dysfunction of the valve located between the oral and nasal cavities. Velopharyngeal dysfunction can cause speech production difficulties in children that have cleft…

I have researched Scoliosis for this Skeletal System Case Study. Where a healthy spine appears straight from behind, a spine that has developed Scoliosis will curve to the side. In this study I explored the causes, types, treatments and the use of massage therapy to help ease the affects Scoliosis has on the body. Scoliosis occurs when the spine develops an abnormal lateral curve during growth. Doctors use an S or C to describe the curve of the spine. Scoliosis can be Congenital, which means…

Tourette’s Syndrome Tourette’s syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder defined by sudden, repetitive, involuntary movements or vocalizations called tics. The worst symptoms are first noticed in childhood before the age of 18 years with improvement into late teens and adulthood. Males are affected three to four times more often than females. Approximately 200,000 individuals have a severe form of TS. Tic disorders can occur in all ethnic and cultural groups and tend to be genetic. Evidence…

B R I E F H I S T O R Y O F A U T I S M The term autism was first used by a psychiatrist, Dr. Eugen Bleuler, in 1908 to describe patients with schizophrenia who withdrew themselves from reality. Originated from the Greek word, “autós” and autism was used by Bleuler to define these individuals with abnormal self admiration and severe withdrawal from others. Decades later, Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner pioneered into the research of autism. In 1943, child psychiatrist Leo Kanner…

Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) is characterised by impairments in communication and socialisation, alongside repetitive and stereotyped behaviours (Association Psychiatric Association, 2013). Differences in risk of ASC are associated with socioeconomic disparities, whereby ASC tends to be overrepresented in high socioeconomic status (SES) families. Early clinical (Cox et al., 1975; Finnegan et al., 1979; Hoshino et al., 1982; McCarthy et al., 1979) and population-based studies (Bhasin &…

Autism and autism spectrum disease (ASD) are complex childhood developmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction, which is a very devastating disease that affects the entire family. There are huge public and political attention turned to the topic that the MMR vaccine has possible association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ASD and autism. Previously, there was suggestion that if measles, mumps and rubella vaccines given separately, it could be beneficial and will…