Whey protein

The Sangers dideoxy sequencing method uses the dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) as DNA chain terminators. For this method to work effectively, it requires the following: a DNA primer, a single –stranded DNA template, radioactively or fluorescently labelled nucleotides, a DNA polymerase, and modified nucleotides that play a role in terminating the DNA strand elongation. The DNA sample is divided into four separate sequencing reactions, containing the DNA polymerase and all four standard…

5. How does Leishmania tropica evade the immune system? Leishmania tropica surface molecule glycoprotein 63 (gp36) is found throughout the parasite surface and has the potential to degrade immunoglobulins, complement factors, and lysosomal proteins (Olivier et al. 2005). Gp36 can cleave C3b into an inactivated form and C3bi will appear on the surface of the membrane and hinders the formation of C5 convertase (Gupta et al. 2013). It is also able to use C3bi to bind to complement receptor 3…

The main lesion in chronic schistosomiasis represents a complex delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sequestered living, dying or dead ova, that are trapped in tissues during the peri-intestinal migration or after embolization in the liver. Soluble egg antigen (SEA) and proteolytic enzymes released by ova provoke granulomatous cell-mediated immune response, with recruitment of eosinophils, granuloma formation and liver fibrosis (Cheever et al., 2000; Wynn et al., 2004). In schistosomiasis,…

I. INTRODUCTION HE versatility of muscles is a crucial factor for efficient animal locomotion. In combination with a high degree of force control muscles enable precise motions depending on the wanted action. Animal locomotion involves (a) fine motor skills like sneaking, grabbing and communication; (b) quick short term acceleration like catching prey; (c) very long-term movement patterns which need to be performed efficient like digesting, migration and sometimes even (d) avoiding motion by…

Macrophage responses to foreign material may be size and geometry dependent. Macrophages are master phagocytic cells which scour the body for foreign materials that they phagocytize and destroy. Naturally, macrophages can effectively phagocytize materials which are less than 10 μm. When material size increases (10-100 μm) single macrophages can no longer phagocytize them, instead a giant multinucleated cell called a foreign body giant cell is formed from the fusion of several macrophages in an…

of Monomeric Actin Caroline Lussier The Protein Data Bank is a free, updated archive and resource containing information about the structure of macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. This material allows users to better understand and compare the building blocks of life. More specifically, this database can help users to draw conclusions about how large molecule conformations help to determine the direction of drug development. The Protein Data Bank has a total of 114,080…

Describe the chemical structure and function of DNA DNA is a fundamental molecule responsible for the growth and maintenance of the human body. Since the discovery of DNA and its double helix structure though the Watson-Crick Model, there has been a significant increase in the understanding of human disease and development of effective treatment. DNA’s specific chemical structure allows it to carry out its function which therefore maintains our survival. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a…

Illustrations of Macromolecules would be nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides (2 or more sugars). These segments are starches, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Starches consisit completely of glucose monomers and are joined by glycosidic linkages, just found in plants. Lipids are a vast gathering of natural particles that incorporate fats, phosholipids, and steriods that don't blend well in water or by any stretch of the imagination. Proteins are organically working atoms consisitng…

Ion channels are membrane proteins that selectively allow the permeation of ions into and out of cells (Fig.1a ###image messes with formatting). Some channels have evolved to also sense changes in the electrical potential across a membrane. A potential above a certain voltage will trigger the opening of these ion-conducting pores, releasing large stores of ions across the membrane. These voltage-gated ion channels allow for the generation of electrical stimuli (the firing of neurons via the…

When Would You Administer Mannitol? Mannitol is a diuretic. It has many uses. It is most commonly used to increase urine production and flush the kidneys. It can, also, be used to decrease swelling and pressure inside the eye or around the brain. Another use is the elimination of toxic substances, such as aspirin, barbituates, bromides, and carbon monoxide from the body. First, mannitol can perform all of these functions because it is a diuretic. This means that the addition of it to…