Westphalian sovereignty

truth to these statements, the crux of Ethiopia success lies elsewhere. What ultimately spared Ethiopia from colonization was not its inherent strength, but rather the decision on the part of Emperor Menelik II to trade a degree of independence for sovereignty by submitting to the European system of international order and using European rivalries to maintain Ethiopia’s…

The trial of the defendants before me, your honor, is an act of injustice. The entirety of these Nuremberg Trials is illegitimate, clouded by irrational, unjust, and hypocritical accusations that at their core sprout from the victor’s justice of the Allied justices that come from France, England, America, Russia, and countries of the like. When I turn my head in search of a justice whose bias doesn’t lie with Allies and when I search for a justice whose conscience isn’t subjugated by victor’s…

Mill and Foucault both use the concept of freedom and liberty in their writings to demonstrate the different power dynamics. Mill has a distinct perspective of social tyranny among a liberal structure. Foucault explains the ways in which we facilitate and enforce power through discourse. While their two views give a different lens of power, I would argue that they give a similar perspective on the ways in which a collective society maintains power. Both Mill and Foucault establish a critical…

The Protestant Reformation was the splitting of Western Catholic Christianity in the 16th century. Corruption started to become evident in the Catholic Church and reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin set out to change the church. Once Luther had seen this major corruption, he started to travel through Europe proclaiming his beliefs and criticizing the papacy. Pope Leo X and Charles V worked together to punish Luther but the Germanic states helped to hide Luther. Protestantism quickly…

Cheerleaders like Johan Norberg and Thomas Friedman argue that globalization is inevitable and mainly positive, whereas other critics seem to have slightly different views. As YaleGlobal Online describes globalization is “propelled by the desire to improve one’s life and helped along by technology… this increasing integration of the world has enriched life but also created new problems.” As one can see, globalization is highly contested, but there are undeniable good results and bad results,…

Kant’s essay ‘Perpetual Peace’ aims to provide the ideal conditions and institutions required to achieve long-term peace. Whilst Kant offers reasonable preliminary articles, they are inapplicable to the modern era of increasing military technology, economic interdependence, and human rights discourse. Kant further proposes concrete institutions, however, they are limited by: his universalistic notion that all Republics will avoid war regardless of national histories, his proposal of a federation…

Ikenberry’s assumptions that the liberal world order will remain are true, his belief in global institutions and Chinese integration are flawed. After summarizing Ikenberry’s arguments, it will be argued that world in entering a transitional stage that will hold realist values, but eventually give way to liberal commercialism. Ikenberry misunderstands the Chinese Sea disputes; China does not fear the backlash, it is the multinational corporations and business within China that fear the backlash.…

This essay opines at the outset that ‘the dissection of globalisation must include a careful and critical examination of the term itself.’ (Defining Globalisation Jan Aart Scholte, The Author Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, p 1471) Thus, any essay purporting to define when ‘globalisation began’ requires a definition – or at least an understanding – of globalisation that is comprehensive enough to encompass its many facets, including economic, political, military, and…