Vitamin D

Figure 2.3: The structure of bone (Abedon, 2014) 2.1.2 Mechanical Properties Bones is always considered as man-made engineering materials. Due to its synthesis there have more variation in properties than engineering materials. The factors can include as the location in body, mineral content, disease, age, gender and the amount of water that presence in the human body. The mechanical properties of bone tissues must be considered as very hard and lightweight material. Mechanical behavior of…

The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability and it is responsible for the movement of the body. The strong protective skeletal layer protects vital organs. For example rib cage protects the heart, kidneys and lungs from any traumatic injury. Bones provide framework that supports and keeps the body from collapsing. It is the major supporting structure of the body. The bone is classified by their shape or structure as cortical bones are dense and compact and cancellous is spongy.…

As part of my role as a care worker, from time to time I may be required to assist service users to move or reposition them. It is important to understand the basic anatomy and physiology to help reduce any harm to myself or others when using moving and handling procedures. Muscles act like levers and allow bone, at a joint, to act like hinges. Muscles pull and move bones at particular joints which makes the joint move and therefor the body moves. When a muscle contracts it pulls the bone at a…

Clinical Presentation of Paget's disease of bone Symptoms of Paget's disease Paget's disease often has no symptoms and many people don't know they have the condition. The most common symptom is bone pain, but may include joint pain and signs of a nerve being compressed or damaged. Bone pain Bone pain caused by Paget's disease has been described as a constant, dull pain deep within the affected part of the body. The pain is usually worse at night when the patients are lying down. The affected…

The element boron, not to be confused with Borax or boric acid, is an essential trace mineral for human health, helping to strengthen bones, increase absorption of other minerals, and to regulate the sex hormones in both men and women. Intake of boron helps the body absorb and utilize other minerals by interacting with steroid hormones. Boron is important for bone growth and maintenance as it reduces the urinary excretion of magnesium and calcium. The boron vertebrate transporter helps these…

In the United States, elderly abuse has been increasing rapidly and there are many effects of elder abuse. Some of the effects of elder abuse could be physical and psychological. These kind of abuse are really hard to identify. For instance, the abusers could hide the fact that they are abusing the elders. So, the consequences of elders abuse could be a long or short-term effects. According to Centers for Disease, physical effects is the most immediate effects. It included things such as…

Middle/ Thoracic Spine The thoracic spine joins the cervical spine and extends down past the bottom of the shoulder blades, where it connects with the lumbar spine. The thoracic spine made up of twelve vertebrae, labelled T1-T12 is built for stability, holding the body upright and providing protection for the vital organs in the chest. The most common cause of thoracic back pain is due to muscular irritation or other soft tissue problems, caused by lack of strength, poor posture, prolonged…

Introduction A fall injuries are common in elderly throughout the life span, but the importance of a fall event depends on the person's age. Young children fall frequently but they only suffer injuries with bruises and bumps while for elderly they result in fractures, lacerations, sprains, dislocations and subdural hematomas. However, falls in elderly can also result in serious injuries or even death. Today, the risk managers take a more positive contact by raising alertness that put staffs at…

Osteogenesis Imperfect is also known as the, “Brittle Bone Disease”. This is an extremely rare disease with less than twenty thousand cases a year. As of today there is no known available cure, but there are treatments available to lessen the symptoms of the disease. This is a chronic illness that can last up to a few months, to lasting a person’s entire lifetime. This is a disease that causes extreme fragility in the bones of a normal person. This could make a person’s life extremely difficult…

Abnormal growth associated with neoplastic conditions, disorders caused by anomalous metabolic processes contagions and malignancies result in metastasis in the skeletal tissue. The most frequent organ affected by metastases besides lung and liver is bone. Most of of these metastases are caused by breast or prostate carcinoma. Majority of patients with metastatic conditions develop bone metastases that further leads to a pronounced morbidity and mortality as a result of skeletal-related events…