Viscosity

Where P is the permeability coefficient, Q is the amount of permeant passing through the material, x is the thickness of the plastic film, A is the surface area available for mass transfer, t is the time, and ∆p is the change in permeant partial pressure across the film. Hence the permeability coefficient (P) is the proportionality constant between the flow of the penetrant gas per unit film area per unit time and the driving force (partial pressure difference) per unit film thickness. The…

A drill pipe non-return valve (NRV) is essential in MPD operations. A U-tube analogy demonstrates that any positive unbalance in the annulus will result in forcing fluid up the drill pipe. [4] Referred to as a float, the NRV is usually driven by a piston. During circulation, drilling fluid forces the valve open against the spring. When pumps are off the valve is closed through a combination of the spring and wellbore pressure. [2] Figure 2.7c Rig layout for MPD operations (KCA Deutag Source…

What chracterizes the axial flow turbine is its rotation axis. It could be placed vertically or horizontally to water surface. In this latter type the axis is parallel positioned to the incoming water stream. Also the generator can be submerged under water or non-submerged. This turbine is usually used as tidal energy converter. For small river use, the axis could be an angle inclined to the water stream. See figure \ref{Hydro_HorizontalAxis}. Hydrokinetic converters with a vertical axis…

3.3 Tribological properties of Cr-B-C-N coatings in artificial seawater Fig.10 shows the friction behaviors and the mean-steady friction coefficients of Cr-B-C-N coatings sliding against SiC balls in artificial seawater. As seen in Fig.10a, it is clear that the CrCN coatings showed higher friction coefficient than other coatings during the tribo-test in artificial seawater. The initial friction coefficient of CrCN coatings was 0.17, while that of CrBCN coatings ranged between 0.14 and 0.15. For…

A water jet cutter, commonly called a water jet, is a tool that uses a very high-pressure jet of water or a mixture of water and an abrasive to cut a wide variety of materials. A water jet that does not use abrasives is referred to as a pure water jet or water-only cutting [1]. For a pure water jet (Figure 1) the water is pressurized to the range of 20 - 94 ksi, 138 - 649 MPa at the inlet and forced through an orifice with a diameter of between 0.25 - 4 mm creating a very thin high velocity…

What is refraction Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another, as light travels through one medium such as air it will travel at a certain velocity but once it enters another medium such as glass it will change direction due to the increase in density of the medium which slows down the velocity of the light. The amount that the light bends as it travels through a medium depends on how drastic the difference in optical density is. For example if light were to…

A filter is something that removes impurities or solid particles from a liquid or gas that passes through it. There has been a total of 76% of deaths due to infections from dirty liquids and poisonous gases. Not many filters do the same job you would like it to do, but with this particular filter it is made to filter out gases, liquids, and solids from a variety of different elements and objects as well as cleaning any object you toss into it. The item's frame is powerful enough to do these…

“Yaqui is a rabid boxer, her fists balled. I tower over her by a few inches, but not that my size helps. She’s done this before. I kick and try to get out of her, but nothing is stopping her from toppling me and pressing my face into the pavement. She kicks me hard in the ribs as her friends say, “ooh,” and cover their mouths.” Just another day another fight. It has really become a routine thing to my everyday life. I would bet that there was going to be a fight, buy popcorn, and linger near the…

substance and it performs various functions in the human body. The blood viscosity plays an important role which affects the flow of blood. This study…

liquids of high viscosity to straw-colored liquids that vary from viscous of free flow (Nji, 2010). Crude oil is classified commercially by API gravity into light, medium, heavy and extra heavy or bitumen. Accordingly, light oils have an API gravity >31.1° and medium crude oils are those…