Vigna

maculatus are not considered directly harmful to humans; although, as an insect pest they damage millions of tons of human food crops in the form of legumes every year (Torres et al. 2016). Physically, they are small beetles, approximately 3.5 mm long. Because Callosobruchus maculatus larvae feed and develop exclusively on the seeds of legumes, the beetles are commonly referred to as "bean beetles." Adult Callosobruchus maculatus have a very short lifespan of 6 to 14 days (Fox et al. 2006). During this short lifespan, adults do not eat or drink; instead, they spend all their time mating and laying eggs. Following mating, adult female Callosobruchus maculatus oviposit individual fertilized oval-shaped eggs on legumes, such as mung beans (Vigna radiata) (Torres et al. 2016). The females use glue produced inside their abdomen to attach their approximately 0.7 mm long, oval-shaped eggs to the legumes. Depending upon the environment, adult females can lay over 100 eggs.…

The species Vigna subterranea belongs to the genus Vigna, and subtribe Phaseolinae, the tribe Phaseoleae, family Papilionaceae or Leguminosae and sub-family Papilionoideae (Baudoin and Mergeai, 2001). In 1980 Bambara groundnut was renamed Vigna subterranea after having been known as Voandzeia subterranea for more than a century (Borget, 1992). In 1763, Linnaeus described it in species Plantarum, and named it Glycine subterranea, in accordance with his system of nomenclature. Du Petit–Thouars…

Pier delle Vigna was inappropriately charged with the attempted murder of Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and king of Sicily. He was conspired against by envious people who wanted to see an end to his greatness. Once charged, Pier was jailed, beaten, and had his eyes viciously removed from his skull, blinding him. He saw no hope for his future, and therefore ended his life, by bashing his head against the wall until his brain leapt from his cranium. Pier was the victim of political envy, which…

Pier della Vigna, a character from Dante’s “The Divine Comedy” is the focal point of this paper. This character is introduced in the Inferno Canto XIII, also known as the Second Ring of the Seventh Circle of Hell. Of all characters that I have come across in the Divine Comedy, Pier to me is most significant as he does not claim that he was wrongfully punished in hell but worries of being recognized as an unfaithful person in the world. The concept of this paper will surround the idea of Pier and…

Pietro della Vigna, a character from Dante’s “Divine Comedy” is the focal point of this paper. Pietro’s introduced in the Inferno Canto XIII, corresponding to the Second Ring of the Seventh Circle of Hell. Of all characters that I have come across in the Divine Comedy, Pietro to me is extremely significant as he does not claim that he was wrongfully punished in hell but worries of being recognized as an unfaithful person in the world. The concept of this paper surrounds the idea of Pietro and…

In the seventh circle of Dante’s Inferno, Dante and Virgil travel through the woods filled with old, gnarled trees devoid of any greenery. Dante hears screams surrounding him but does not see anybody, which leaves him confused. Virgil suggests to Dante to pluck a branch of a tree and when he does, the tree cries out in pain, asking him as it bleeds: “Why do you rip me?/Have you no sense of pity whatsoever?” (13.35-36). All the trees and bushes in this forest represents humans who have committed…

that is similar?) In the Woods of Suicide, Dante finds that Pier della Vigna, chief counselor of Frederick II of Sicily is located here. Pier della Vigna fell out of favor, was accused unjustly of treachery and was imprisoned. Once imprisoned, he killed himself. Upon meeting Pier della Vigna and hearing his story, Dante states that he feels so much pity that it chokes his heart. Virgil tells the damaged soul of Pier della Vigna, now a tree, to tell his story to Dante so that he can spread the…

In Dante’s Inferno, Dante Alighieri comes across a groaning tree, as he makes his way through the seventh level of Hell. Dante was introduced to Pier della Vigna, a trusted counselor of Frederick II, in the form of a tree as his punishment. As Dante enters conversation with Pier della Vigna it become clear to the true significance of della Vigna’s contrapasso. As Dante says on the seventh level of Hell, “I am convinced he thought that I believed the groans I heard were issuing from shades who…

punishment” that dictates the relationship between sin and punishment. This construct is seen throughout the circles of hell, but there are those that fit so perfectly with the sin that the damned souls have committed. One prime example of this is in Canto XIII, here Dante travels through a dark and gnarled forest of those who have committed violence against themselves. While other circles contain very exact methods of “counter punishment”, the 7th circle, violence against themselves takes it a…

and accountability since the parties involved in the transactions know each other well (Wingfield, 2013).Another advantage of using cryptocurrencies is the confidentiality of the transactions. Each transaction made using cryptocurrencies in unique, and the terms of negotiations and agreement remain confidential between the parties involved. Considering the privacy of the consumers in relation to payments, clearing and settlement central banks have decided to introduce their Bit-coins…