Vesicle

sperm cells and sex hormones. Next, the vas deferens. Sperm passes through the vas deferens to the urethra, whilst travelling through the vas deferens it mixes with a fluid containing nutrients for the sperm cells. This is secreted from the seminal vesicle and prostate gland, once the fluid and sperm mix, it is called semen. After this,…

Pre-game Sex: Does it hurt or help an athlete? One of the oldest sports myths is that sex before a big game can hinder an athlete’s performance; however, there is no answer to this date about the influence of sexual activity and how it impacts athletic performance. Many young athletes refrain from sex and practice abstinence before an event, believing that sex can decrease athletic performance (Fischer). This has gained popularity among many successful athletes like Mohammed Ali who abstained…

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is identified as the leading monogenic cause of autism and congenital mental retardation. It is estimated that the frequency of FXS is 1/7000 males and 1/11,000 women (Hunter et al., 2014). In Australia, since one child is born with Fragile X every week, around 1 in 3600 boys and in 4000 – 6000 girls suffers this syndrome with the higher severity in boys. Position of the causative gene for FXS named fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) was found at the diagnostic…

contamination protein), where the amounts of exosome protein were still uncertain. To solve this issue, we tested 10% of each tag-labeled sample using LC-MS/MS before mixing, and obtained the amount of exosome protein by a label-free method. High-abundance contamination proteins including all forms of IgG and FN were deleted from the list of identified proteins. The remaining proteins were assumed to be derived from exosomes. Then, all peptide intensities of exosome proteins were log2…

Abstract Vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2) have distinct distributions in the cochlear nucleus that correspond to the sources of the labeled terminals. VGLUT1 is associated with terminals of auditory nerve fibers, whereas VGLUT2 is associated with glutamatergic terminals deriving from other sources that project to the cochlear nucleus (CN), including somatosensory and vestibular terminals. Previous studies in guinea pig and rat have shown that cochlear damage results…

Shingles Imagine a bug bite itch. Now imagine an itch that can never be scratched, and if scratched, bursts of pain flare up on that particular body part. Shingles, or Herpes Zoster, can be defined from an online dictionary as an acute, painful inflammation of the nerve ganglia, with a skin eruption often forming a girdle around the middle of the body. Shingles is caused by the same virus as chickenpox. Shingles (herpes zoster) is triggered by the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), also called…

The central nervous system, which is responsible for coordinating response to stimuli in all Eumatozoans and processing all the information obtained from all the distinct parts of the body, is made up two types of specialised cells known as the nerve cells (neurons) and the glial cells (support cells). A neuron is defined by Martini as a “cell in neural tissue that is specialized for intercellular communication through changes in membrane potential and synaptic connections” [5] where as a glial…

First encountered in African monkeys by biomedical scientists in 1967, the Ebola virus, part of the negative-stranded RNA viruses, known as filoviridae, according to the journal of infectious diseases, is the only known virus family in which scientists have profound ignorance . Specifically speaking, scientists are not aware of the tactics active in the nature of the virus’ agents, their pathogenesis, and virology . However, during the 2014 epidemic—which killed more than 9,600 people and caused…

case with Ebola. The virus attacks the host by attaching to host receptors using the glycoproteins studded in the envelope and is endocytosed into macrophagosomes. In order to fully penetrate the cytosol, the viral membrane must then fuse with the vesicle membrane, thereby releasing the nucleocapsid into the cytosol. As we already have discussed, the genomic negative sense ssRNA is utilized as a template for the synthesis of monocistronic mRNAs, and, using the host ribosomes and tRNA molecules,…

Thousands of people die every day around the world from infections acquired while receiving Healthcare. Hands are the main pathways of germ transmission during Healthcare. Hand hygiene is therefore the most important measure to avoid the transmission of harmful germs and prevent Healthcare-associated infections. Any health-care worker, caregiver or person involved in direct or indirect patient care needs to be concerned about hand hygiene and should be able to perform it correctly and at the…