Vertebrate

Animals are used by humans for a wide array of purposes. The 260 or so million people that live in the United States keep about 110 million dogs and cats as pets. Each year, more than 5 billion animals are killed in the United States as a source of food. Animals are used for transportation, sport, recreation, as well as companionship. Animals are also an instrumental part of learning about living things and the illnesses that affect both humans and animals. By studying animals, information is…

Teaching in honey bees The study of social learning and teaching has a strong focus on vertebrates especially those that are closely related to humans. However, evidence especially within the last twenty years has indicated that other organisms may also show very similar characteristic, therefore this paper proposes a potential research opportunity into Bees, which have been show highly gregarious and interdependent creatures. Background In the current literature, a large area of research is…

The scientific name of a koala bear is Phascolarctos cinereus. A koala bear is a mammal and it is also a herbivore. In the wild, a koala bear can live up to 20 years in age. Size: 23.5 to 33.5 in (60 to 85 cm). Weight: 20 lbs ( 9 kg). Size relative to a 6ft (2-m) man. Koalas live in the eastern Australia, where the eucalyptus trees they love are most plentiful. In fact, they rarely leave these trees, and their sharp claws and opposable digits easily keep them aloft. During the day, they doze,…

The main role of PMN is phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debri. PMNs are also a major source of cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and second population that invades the wound consist of macrophages. The function of macrophages is phagocytosis , activation and recruitment of other cells by releasing various cytokines, growth factors such as Vascular endothelial growth Factor, Insulin like Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor. Macrophages regulate matrix synthesis…

Behavior Due to their rarity and secretive behavior, the LPS is possibly one of the least understood species of large snakes in North America (Rudolph et al. 1997), however, there have been a few studies published that describe the burrowing behavior and movement patterns of the snake. Recently, it has been published that the snake exhibits diurnal activity patterns in its primary habitat of open pine forests on sandy soils with an abundance of herbaceous vegetation (J.B. Pierce et al. 2014).…

These trees also exhibit the misleading name of vampire squid which are in fact not true squid and are generally more related to octopuses (Yokobori et al., 2007). There is a current interest in squids because of their large geographical range and the increase in biomass of the Humboldt and Jumbo in the Pacific Ocean (Young et al., 2013). Squids appear to be on their way to becoming much more significant in their respective ecosystems and would be well worth studying. Squid also come in sizes as…

1. Introduction Alpacas are a member of the camelid family from South America, where they live in the semi-arid areas of the high-altitude plateau. They are famous for their soft fleece, which is known for its good strength and a range of natural coat colors from solid white to black. Not only does the coat color of the alpaca have important economic value, alpaca is also a perfect animal model in which to study the mechanisms controlling mammalian coat color genes. Mammalian coat colors are…

consciousness of the soul and is highly influenced by the karma in the working. Thus, the karma is interfaced between the soul and the mind and hence the state of the mind is a function of karma which changes with karma. Thinking, which is prominent to the vertebrates are done with the help of mind whereas the lower organisms with the help of adhyavasaya. Jains recognizes two typesof minds; one is the physical mind and the other is the psychical mind. The former is the physical counterpart of…

The Adventures of Mississippi the Cat in Africa Anton Sanda In a country as in dreams With thick forests, clear streams, Once two siblings, girl and boy, Got a present a live toy, A nice kitten soft and small, Like a playful fleecy ball, Which grandpapa bought for them. And they thought it was a gem. They chose to name him Mississippi. -Aha, the cat said Mew-ssissippi? t’s brilliant, such name I buy, You’re very good, I can’t deny He was so very sweet and nice, But also petrified of…

1 INTRODUCTION Drosophila Melanogaster, also known as the fruit fly, is a most valuable organism in biological research that has made significant contributions particularly in genetics and research. It is used as a model organism in research for several reasons viz. Easily handled, sexually dimorphic, cheap and easy to keep large numbers, care and culture requires little equipments and well understood because of its short life cycle of just two weeks and also Entire genome of drosophila…