Vertebrate trachea

It ensures that air passes into the trachea and consumable substances into the esophagus. Larynx- Located below the pharynx the larynx (voice box), aside from the ability of speech, acts as a form of defensive mechanism, any food passes the epiglottis into the trachea a strong cough reflex forces it back towards the pharynx. Trachea- The main respiratory function for the trachea is its provision of a clear, unhindered path for air to enter (inspiration) and…

One of the main functions of the equine respiratory system is to trap debris. The horses nasal cavity is lined with ciliated epithelium, which produces mucus and is equipped with cilia.1 Air-borne debris gets trapped in the sticky mucus as it enters the nasal cavity and the cilia move from side to side in order to move the mucus toward the throat.1 When the debris-filled mucus reaches the throat, it can then be swallowed and digested or expelled through coughing.1 Research has shown that nearly…

Epiglottitis, Pediatric Epiglottitis is swelling and inflammation of the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue at the back of the tongue. The epiglottis protects the windpipe during swallowing. It stops food and liquid from going down the windpipe. Epiglottitis can block air from going into the windpipe, which can make it hard to breathe. Epiglottitis is an emergency. CAUSES This condition is usually caused by bacteria. The bacteria infect the nose and throat. The result is…

Complications of open surgical tracheostomy and their management-our experience Introduction Tracheostomy is the surgical procedure to create an artificial opening in the trachea to bypass the obstructed airway above it. History reveals that it is an oldest surgical procedure dating back 3600 B.C.E. in Egypt(1). It has under gone numerous modifications during the past millennia. The first elective tracheostomy was done in AD 100 by Asclepiad’s of Bithynia and the described by Galen in AD131(2)…

The picture is showing the natures' magazine with a fossilized fish and a tagline that said "When Fins Became Limbs" on its cover. Assuming the content must be the relationship between the swimming fish and the early land-living animals. The magazine cover is Tiktaalik, and it is intermediate between fish and the primitive land-living animal (tetrapod). And the picture connection to the relevant chapter is that, the first chapter talks about how paleontologists try to find the fossil…

Introduction: Galaxiids are freshwater fish belonging to the galxiidae family. There are migratory and non-migratory species found in New Zealand. The migratory galaxiid fish that are native to New Zealand, are the Giant kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus), short-jaw kōkopu (Galaxias postvectis) and the banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus) (DOC, 2010). Galaxiids generally breed in Autumn and their breeding and migratory patterns differ depending on the species (DOC, 2010). The adults of kōkopu species…

Animal experimentation dates to about 500 B.C. and has been an ongoing controversy since the idea has been thought of. There are many people who agree with the idea of animal testing, people who strongly disagree with animal testing, and people who are unaware of the problem and have no personal opinion about the issue. There are many ideas promoting both sides, and both sides having valid reasons supporting their ideas. Animal testing is something everybody should be worrying about, because…

marine organisms. Scientists believe that Chordates originated about 590 million years ago. The original organisms of the Chordata phylum are believed to have lacked skeletal structures, and therefore, left a very undetermined fossil record. The vertebrate fossil record begins approximately 400 million years ago. Early Chordates were tunicates, marine organisms that would frequently form large colonies through asexual reproduction, a process of reproduction where an organism does not need a…

1.One anatomical feature in the vertebra is called the parapophysis which is part of transversal processes in the vertebrae. Transversal processes is a protuberance where that feature projects outward from the side of the vertebrae. Because the parapophysis is located on the dorsal side of the neural spine, one of its functions would be to help form a wide ribcage and provide sufficient space for a big gut. Type of thyreophoran dinosaur: Stegosaurus Case/ specimen number: uncatalogued 2. A…

Seahorses Rachel Smith Biology 104 03 April 2015 Seahorses are majestic creatures that roam the aquatic depths and fascinate mankind with their unique body type. Seahorse is the name given to fifty-four species of small aquatic fishes in the genus Hippocampus. "Hippocampus" comes from the Ancient Greek word hippos meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster". Seahorses are also classified as Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Sub-phylum Vertebrata, Class Osteichthyes and Order Perciformes…