Vertebral column

construct larger and sturdier bones. Adults have two hundred and six bones in the body; On the other hand, babies are born with approximately three hundred bones. The axial skeleton consists of eighty bones, which are part of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage. Additionally, the appendicular skeleton consists of one hundred and twenty six bones that are part of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs. Bones are connected to joints, ligaments, tendons and…

& Bowman, 2016a). Myelomeningocele, the most serious neural tube defect, is visible at birth. Children with myelomeningocele have a cleft in the vertebral column, with a corresponding defect in the skin resulting in a sac of fluid that contains exposed meninges and spinal cord (McLone, & Bowman, 2016a). This leads to malformation of the vertebral column and spinal cord, and ultimately the skull and brain. Therefore myelominingocele can cause numerous impairments such as lower limb paralysis,…

Introduction: The human spine is made out of 33 vertebrae that unite together to form a singular structure usually known as the vertebral column. It provides structural support, flexibility, and balance to maintain a vertical upright posture. A healthy normal vertebral column is straight and has front to back curves. The curve in the neck area is called the cervical spine, the curve in the upper back is called the thoracic spine, and the curve located in the lower back is known as the lumbar…

Introduction and Definition: The Brachial Plexus is a network of nerves that sends signals from your spine to your shoulder, arm and hand. It is a complex network with several divisions and branches to innervate the arm. These injuries can occur in various different ways and are known to cause muscle weakness or loss of motion within the affected arm. Falls, major trauma, and even birthing techniques can all cause this debilitating injury to occur in all ages of people. Ranging fro the C5 to the…

Different muscles such as infra and suprahyoid muscles and genioglossus muscle influence the position of the hyoid bone (Gray H, 1954) (Yamaoka et al 2003). Brodie points out that as man assumed an upright posture the head had to be balanced on the vertebral column. This is attained by equal anterior and posterior muscle tension relative to the occipital condyles. In…

The lateral border is convex while, the medial border is concave, indented hilus, and an upper and lower pole. The hilus and sides of the kidney of albino rat are surrounded by adipose tissue. Anatomically, the rat kidneys lay alongside the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity and suprarenal glands situated above their poles (David, 2000). The mean weight of the right kidney is 1.1 gm while, the left one is 0.96 gm. The mean length, width and thickness of the right kidney is 1.28 cm, 0.88…

The human body is composed of muscle which are responsible for body movement. Muscles in found in the human body attach to the bones of the skeletal system, in a human body there are “700 individual muscles that make up part of a person’s weight and the muscular system. Each of these muscles are separate organ which are made up of skeletal tissues, nerves, blood vessels and muscle tissues. Muscle tissues are found throughout the human body, inside the heart, the blood vessels and the digestive…

begins superiorly at the foramen magnum in the skull, where it is continuous with the medulla obolongata of the brain. It terminates at the level of the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord is located within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column, which is surrounded by three meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. Further the protection is provided by the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), which surrounds the spinal cord in the subarachnoid space. The…

SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system is very important, without it you would not have a body or even be alive. The skeletal system is made up of all of your bones, and the ligaments, cartilage, and tendons attached to them. When it comes to your inner organs, your skeletal system is there to support them and also protect them from any outside harm. For example, you have your cranium which supports your brain and your ribs support your lungs and other abdominal organs. Many people believe that…

Osteosarcoma is a relatively radioresistant Tumor. Thus, adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery have been the backbones of treatment. Prophylactic whole lung irradiation was utilized in the late 1970s as a method for decreasing lung metastases post-operatively (Breur, Cohen, Schweisguth, & Hart, 1978). Prebiopsy Low-dose irradiation (around 10 Gy) can be given before the initial biopsy in order to decrease the viability of the malignant cells that can be disseminated into the circulatory system…