Vertebra

observation of the body segments used for trunk flexion. In turn, three markers were labeled with tape on the individual being tested. These markers included the plateau area affiliated with the fifth lumbar vertebra, the second on the twelfth thoracic vertebra and the third on the seventh cervical vertebra. Each test was performed 3 times, and then the average of the three was documented. Furthermore, these measurements were then divided by the overall expected measurement for their age,…

office. What is a herniated disc? Our spinal column is made up of individual vertebras – from the neck to the lower back region. In between the vertebras are the intervertebral discs.…

The Causes and Symptoms of a Herniated Disc Discs are the cushioning between the vertebras (bones) that make up the spine. Each of these fluid containing discs are meant to protect the vertebra and prevent them from rubbing together. An injury to the disc is known as a herniated, ruptured, bulging or slipped disc. A herniated disc basically means the disc has been ruptured and the fluid in the center is escaping through a tear. A herniated or bulging disc can cause irritation to the…

and deceleration forces acting on the neck (cervical vertebras) bringing about temporary or permanent harm to the ligaments. There are numerous ligaments present in the cervical region. The craniovertebral ligaments are most susceptible against high speed acceleration and deceleration during the head injury. Instabilities of the alar ligaments ought to be suspected when there is rotational instability between the occiput and the atlas vertebra clearly shown on computerized tomography…

1. Anatomy of the trachea and bronchi. The trachea (Fig.1) is a cartilaginous and membranous tube, extending from the lower part of the larynx, on a level with the sixth cervical vertebra, to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into two main bronchi, one for each lung. The trachea is nearly but not quite cylindrical, being flattened posteriorly; it measures about 11 cm. in length; its diameter, from side to side, is from 2 to 2.5 cm., being always greater in…

surgeons in 1911, who performed first spinal stabilization surgery [2, 3]. Forward displacement of a vertebral bone in sequence of normal alignment of vertebra is called Isthmic Spondylolisthesis-most commonly due to progressive vertebral body malalignment in the lumbar region of spine. Even in severe case of spondylolisthesis, the slipped vertebra is comfortably reduced by the modern surgical techniques [4–7]. However, these operations have high risk of neurological…

Levers are needed within the body so that any small forces can be used to help the bigger forces which are needed. The muscle and bones come together to make a lever, this helps to turn a pivot joint also known as mechanic advantage. There are 4 areas of a lever such as the bone on our bones turn to lever arms, the joints turn to pivots, the muscles stimulate effort to move the force or load and the body parts give muscles strength to move what needs lifted. 1st class levers are very uncommon…

Degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) with spinal stenosis is one of the leading causes of lower back pain among people over 40 years old. The disorder is characterized by a displacement of one vertebra over the other, typically between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra of the spine, often leading to distinct signs and symptoms in other areas of the body. Although there are several subtypes of spondylolisthesis, this paper will focus on DS in light of its relevance to today’s maturing patient…

Pose: Extension of the Lumbar Spine: Also seen in Bridge Pose and Wheel Pose, Bow Pose, Pigeon Pose and Camel Pose. The degree of back bend will depend on the amount of space between each vertebra of the lumbar spine. The greater the space the greater the degree of back bend. Also the shape of the vertebra also plays a factor as some of the spinous process’ can be bent in angles that either restrict the angle of lumbar curve or increase it. There are other skeletal differences in the…

Chris Kinsey laid in his Intensive Care Unit hospital bed wondering if he would ever have a normal life again. He had fallen out of a Norway maple tree at his job and broke his back. Chris was taken to the Lancaster General hospital by a coworker and dropped off at the emergency room. The emergency room moved Chris up to the Intensive Care Unit where his family came into visit him. Just after his family got there a nurse walked into his room to tell him the bad news. His back is not only…