Ventricular system

controlled two-part pumping is necessary to supply blood to the entire body. This supply rate is regulated by the pacemaker region of the heart, in the right atrium (chamber), by detecting a diffusion of ions, causing a rhythmic electrical impulse. Ventricular fibrillation is an irregular heart rate caused by malfunctions of these impulses that can be treated, and…

close which prevents a change in volume. The fourth stage, ventricular ejection, is the moment where the ventricles are emptying themselves through contractions. The final stage is called the isovolumic relaxation time, during this stage pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles then begin relaxing and the semilunar valves close due to pressure of blood found in the aorta. The heart also has a conduction system which allows a pulse to be generated by the sinoatrial node…

cycle. It stands to reason that due to the short distance of a trip through the pulmonary system pressure in the lungs would be less than arterial pressure. So imagine if you will that the pathways in the lungs were narrowed and the pressure increased. The right ventricle (which is responsible for moving blood into the lungs) would have an increase in work and become hypertrophic. While sometimes ventricular hypertrophy is the result of athletic endeavor and allows for more contractility;…

Stroke volume is the difference in ventricular end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV). Some of the factors that influence SV and thus CO include contractility, preload and afterload. Afterload is the resistance felt by the ventricle during systole. An increase in afterload…

Neurologic and retinal diseases There are many different types of degenerative neurological diseases. The brain is a complex system and this makes the use of stem cells difficult to differentiate to the right cell type. The myriad connection between nerve cells and the complex interdependency with macroglia, which is made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and glial progenitor cells create a problem with creating precise structural reconstitution with stem cells. Neurological diseases including…

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower blood pressure and produce vasodilation by inhibiting ACE – blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, key mediators of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). RAAS is the main mechanism for controlling BP. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and works by binding to angiotensin I receptors on smooth muscle – these are joined to a Gq protein and the IP3 signal transduction pathway. ACE usually breaks down bradykinin.…

The circulatory system is the system that transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormone. It also helps fight disease, maintain body temperature, pH, and homeostasis. There are two systems that make up the circulatory system which are the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The circulatory system moves blood through the body and is made up of the heart, blood vessels and the blood. The lymphatic system moves lymph to various parts of the body and is formed by the lymph, lymph…

Introduction Congenital Heart Disease is apart of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is very important and fragile. It constitutes many functions with in the body. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a series of cardiac defects. This disease is mostly prevalent at birth. However, it can develop at a later stage in life. It has become very significant in adulthood. There are many forms of CHD. For example, atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects. The heart is a very complex…

or successful, also in some case immune system may reject the heart because it is a foreign object. Patients are considered for heart transplant when their heart stops…

the most common infectious diseases affecting neonates (7). It is characterized by the inflammation of the meninges caused by the presence of bacteria or bacterial products within the subarachnoid space of the brain, the spinal cord and the ventricular system (16, 22). This inflammatory response can eventually lead to various forms of brain damage (16, 26). Untreated neonatal bacterial meningitis (NBM) almost always results in death (22), and despite the development of new treatments and…