Ventricle

disease. A coronary angiogram test involves the injection of dye by means of a catheter allowing the arteries supplying the heart visible for an X-Ray. However, this procedure may call for a vetriculogram, testing the strength of the hearts left ventricle and the heart valves. A myocardial biopsy is another method used in determining certain forms of muscle diseases pertaining to the heart that can result in heart failure. Often times multiple test are conducted confirming other test to diagnose…

unable to fill and pump blood as well as a healthy heart. Conditions that overstrain the heart muscle can lead to heart failure (5). The main causation of chronic heart failure is a heart attack which results in damage to the muscle of the left ventricle (8). In addition cardiomyopathy (chronic disease of the heart muscle) may cause heart failure; this may perhaps be initiated by a viral infection (1).Conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and arrhythmia (irregular rate or rhythm…

The knee-jerk reflex is considered a stretch reflex and is often used by physicians to test how the nervous system is functioning. The knee-jerk reflex is tested by tapping the patellar tendon with the base of a rubber hammer. This results in the leg and foot extending upward in healthy individuals. The reflex is a response to the change in shape of the patellar tendon and quadriceps muscle. It does so to prevent damage to the muscle and ultimately the maintain homeostasis. There are a series…

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower blood pressure and produce vasodilation by inhibiting ACE – blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, key mediators of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). RAAS is the main mechanism for controlling BP. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and works by binding to angiotensin I receptors on smooth muscle – these are joined to a Gq protein and the IP3 signal transduction pathway. ACE usually breaks down bradykinin.…

It lies dorsal to the pons and the medulla, separated from them by fourth ventricle. Cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by a fold of duramater called the tentorium cerebelli. The cerebellum consists of a midline part called the vermis and two lateral hemispheres. It is roughly spherical but somewhat constricted in its median…

hindbrain central pathway generator (Moon, 2014, p. 164). There is a multitude of different stimuli that may trigger the body’s involuntary response to become nauseous. “In particular, the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) located in the fourth ventricle of the brainstem lies outside the blood-brain barrier and is therefore exposed to drugs, such as inhalational anesthetics and opioids” (Moon, 2014, p. 164). Medications commonly used to treat pain are usually the guilty culprit causing nausea…

Introduction: A cardiac output, also know as minute volume is the volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle of the heart in one minute. It’s the primary determinant of oxygen transport within the heart and entire body. Sufficient blood flow is highly important especially during exercise because the body will need much more oxygen. With the need for more oxygen, the heart will begin to beat and pump faster during exercise. As the heart rate increases so will the blood flow, also…

(Thompson et al., 2003) showed a grey matter decrease of ~2.3% in Alzheimer’s patients per year, compared to 0.9% of the control. This brain atrophy can be seen by eye, brain gyri become narrower and sulci grooves between the gyri become wider. The ventricles increase in size as they contain more cerebrospinal fluid to counter the brain size loss, seen in…

When arterial access is avoided, aortoangiogram still can be achieved utilizing the venous access. For example, a 4-Fr introducer sheath can be tracked over a 0.025-inch guidewire across the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. Then, it can be manipulated to cross the PDA with the tip seating in the descending aorta. The needed measurements to choose the device size are ampulla size (aortic end of the PDA), narrowest pulmonary diameter, length…

Gallium scans, Gastric Emptying, MUGA scans, and Spect Brain scans are just a few of the scans that were formed, thanks to the nuclear medicine of today. In 1896, a man by the name of Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium penetrating rays were similar to X-rays. This leads to other numerous discovers like the finding of elements polonium and radium, to the cyclotron invented by Ernest Lawrence that included the ability to produce radioisotopes of different elements. This leads to 1946, where…