Vasoconstriction

state, which is present in all patients presenting with myxedema coma, due to decreased oxygen levels and cardiac output (3). This is a result of the body’s response to decompensate after initiating prolonged compensatory mechanisms, such as vasoconstriction and central shunting (1). This accounts for the patient’s bradycardia and hypotension. Furthermore, hypothyroidism has been linked as a cause of anaemia and proved to often be the first symptom (4). The combination and severity of symptoms…

kidney damage, atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack. If left untreated, it can lead to abruptio placentae, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral vascular accident, acute renal failure, and intrauterine growth restrictions for the fetus (Norton 2007).” This decreased circulation leads to significant changes as follows: Decreased renal perfusion reduces the glomerular filtration rate causing blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid levels to rise; Glomerular damage from the reduced renal blood…

Epidural analgesia is commonly used to provide pain relief during labor. To convert epidural analgesia in labor for emergency cesarean section, a strong solution of local anesthetic is required aiming to achieve rapid and good quality of epidural anesthesia. Different solutions of local anesthetic are used for this reason. The optimum choice of local anaesthetic solution for achieving rapid and reliable epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section is still not clarified [1]. The solution used is…

What is Heart Failure? According to MayoClinic.Org,” Heart failure, sometimes referred to as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.” Web. . January 12, 2016 There are contributing factors that can lead to heart failure such as coronary artery disease,…

1. What factors should be considered to provide maximal protection when people are exercising in the cold? To avoid excessive heat loss, our bodies use peripheral vasoconstriction, nonshivering thermogenesis, and shivering, which is usually not enough. Peripheral vasoconstriction We must also rely on behavioral responses like huddling behavior and putting on more clothing to help insulate our deep body tissues from the environment. During aerobic exercise, clothing insulation and exercise…

an injury or insult to the body causing an inflammatory immune system reaction. Cellular mediators release humoral mediators that damage alveolar capillary membranes. Alveolar start flooding, small airway diameter changes; there is pulmonary vasoconstriction, alveolar collapse, the patient forms pulmonary hypertension, V/Q mismatching and finally leading to hypoxemia (Urden et al., 2014, p. 521). 3. What is refractory hypoxemia and how would the nurse recognize it? According to Urden, Stacy, &…

which stimulates the inositol phospholipid signalling pathways, resulting in the production of IP3 and DAG. This causes the downstream increase of intracellular calcium and activation phospholipase D and A2. The overall physiological effect is vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, increase vascular permeability and the increases release of prostacyclin, platelet-activating factor and NO. This can manifest as an allergic reaction. Therefore, when H1- antihistamines binds to H1R it opposes the…

There are various theories exist regarding the mechanisms of origin of migraine headache. One of such theories is the vascular theory which proposes that the intracranial vasoconstriction causes ischemia, which results in the aura preceding the migraine. The subsequent rebound vasodilation causes the migraine headache. The theory was based on the observation that during a migraine attack the extracranial vessels become pulsatile and distended. However, this theory was disputed as it couldn’t…

The sympathetic nervous system tries to compensate for the decreased blood flow by increasing heart rate and contractility by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine; also causing vasoconstriction. The kidneys are highly sensitive to a drop in blood flow and are stimulated by vasoconstriction and a decreased level of carbon dioxide which activates the renin-angiotensin system to increases blood pressure and afterload. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to start secreting aldosterone…

Impedance cardiography is a noninvasive technique for assessing stroke volume (and thus cardiac output) as well as pre-ejection period (systolic time intervals). To measure impedance, four dual-electrodes recorded basal transthoracic impedance (Z0) and the first derivative of that impedance, the change in impedance over time (dZ/dt). Biopac EL-500 dual-electrodes were placed on each side of the neck and on both sides of the abdomen (under the arms) at the level of the thoracic xiphisternal…