Value theory

Ingleharts theory on value change identifies the fact that many states have moved from Materialist values to Post-Materialist values. Meaning that as states economies have grown, their values have grown and changed with it. Inglehart had suggested that when a state had been developing, their first values were materialist. Why? Because Materialist mostly focus on keeping order in their countries or making sure that prices on goods and services are not rising too much. As a society starts to develop over time, it becomes more and more stable; leading to a change in opinions and values. As Americans, we seem to have very mixed views on many issues and what we believe in to be important to us. For example in class we were asked to choose two of…

1. Of the 10 values described in Schwartz's Value Theory, is there one or two that best describe your own personal values? Which one(s) and why? Can you point to how this value(s) has directly impacted a major decision or action you have taken in your life? The Schwartz’s value aligned with my personal values would be Self-Direction. Self-Direction is independent thought and action; choosing, creating, exploring, which are happenings I apply ongoing. Growing up, change was constant in my life…

2.2. Corporate value theories 2.2.1. Valuation David Frykman (2003) identified three bases of valuation, including cash flow, return and operational variables. Thus, a great number of valuation approach such as EVA and DDM can be used under certain conditions. However, the most common valuation approach is the discounted cash flow model(DCF). It considers perspectives of all claimholders in the company. Economists define the corporate value as the present value of expected free cash flow of…

Consequentialist ethical theories maintain that consequences are the basis of moral evaluation. In other words, our decisions are considered either right or wrong due to their consequences (Shaw, 5). Followers of consequentialism support this premise by adhering to four essential principles. First, consequentialists abstain from disclosing on what is considered to be ‘morally valuable’. Agents of consequentialism never reference a moral framework which prescribes proper deeds, instead, they…

In ethics, consequentialist theory defines as “the moral rightness and wrongness of action as a function of their result. If the consequences are good; the action is right, if they are bad, then the action is wrong.” There are two types of consequentialist theories. Egoism which views morality ultimately rests on self-interest. While “utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that people should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our…

Stuart Mill presents the case of Utilitarianism as a moral theory. Moral theories are structured as a set of statements used to predict a set of factors or concept. Moral theories are thought to be universal and tell which action is the right one in any given situation. Utilitarianism is one the most influential and best known moral theories, often called “The Greatest Happiness Principles”. According to Mill “Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they…

In John Stuart Mill’s influential book “Utilitarianism”, Mill introduces the belief that moral action is based upon the concept of utility, or how he explains it, the greatest happiness principle. It is this greatest happiness principle that defines Utilitarianism as the notion that the best moral actions are those that promote the most amount of human happiness. Actions that would be regarded as the least favorable are those that promote the opposite, unhappiness. The concept of Utilitarianism…

Kant’s theory is to apply categorical imperative and be followed regardless of particular wants and needs. During the act, one-night stand, both individuals is agreeing to satisfy and fulfill their needs with mutual understandings. If those individual are applying Kant’s theory, “means to end”, then those individual are accomplishing and fulfilling their duty to one-night stand. The one-night stand is being agreeing mutually and both individuals are accomplishing their duties. As Goldman…

help us understand the structure behind moral philosophy, many theories of morality have been developed. I have elected to argue the Principle of Humanity as the most valid moral theory due to the fact that without following this formula humanity would be treated as objects of no intrinsic value, counteracting our superiority. According to Kantian’s, the Principle of Humanity is the ultimate moral formulation, claiming that one must always…

Deflating queerness Before contesting the conceptual claim, it would be pertinent to clarify the types of value that are considered by Mackie tout court. Subsequently, the following criteria will be used as a guide by which to assess the plausibility of Mackie’s conceptual claim. The following represents what shall be referred to as the Mackiean moral value criterion (MMV) and includes the following options; MMV 1. MV is true of x, regardless of x’s desires, purpose, motivation and reasons…