Validity

Regardless of the difficulties that one encounters when aiming to develop a valid dream interpretation, Freud’s interpretations, at his time, were quite convincing due to his effort to form a scientific-like explanation for them and avoid making abstract theories. For example, in The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a), he argues that “every dream is a wish which is represented as fulfilled, that the representation acts as a disguise if the wish is a repressed one, belonging to the unconscious, and…

A mixed dimensional-categorical approach will be necessary to account for individual differences on the symptoms when a disorder is present. This new approach increases clinical utility by engaging higher diagnostic reliability and validity and has gained much support in the mental health and research community (Andrews et al., 2009; Jones, 2012; Krueger, Skodol, Livesley, Shrout, & Huang, 2007; McEvoy, Watson, Watkins, & Nathan, 2013). Current Categorical Approach in Psychotic Disorders…

Objective- Describe the Scientific Method (Pages 73-74). Sociologists use the scientific method as a structured way of finding answers to questions about the world (Carey 2011). There are roughly six steps to the scientific methods, although a good deal of sociological research does not exactly go in that exact order. First, the sociologist uncovers questions that need answers (pg 73). These questions can range from larger societal issues, personal experiences, or topics in the sociological…

one of the most widely used and most validated instruments for measuring subjective sleep quality and disturbances over the last one month period (Mariman, et al., 2012). It has also been found to have high test-retest validity, internal consistency reliability, and construct validity making it psychometrically sound for use with varied populations (Backhaus, Junghanns, Broocks, Riemann, & Hohagen, 2002; Carpenter & Andrykowski,…

Research Instrument/ Data Sources, Rights of the Participants and Legal issues A questionnaire is designed with closed-ended questions. Each question has alternative responses from which the respondents can make a choice. To ensure that these responses can be measured, the researcher uses the five point Likert scale to enable the respondents determine the extent to which they agree or disagree with the questions. The types of questions asked are very important as they help to answer the…

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT: “The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is a semi-structured, standardized assessment of communication, social interaction, and play or imaginative use of materials for individuals who have been referred because of possible autism spectrum disorder (ASDs).” (Lord, Rutter, 2000). The ADOS consists of 5 different modules that start with children as young as toddlers and up to adults. The ADOS allows the examiner to observe behaviors that are common…

expected for Group A to exhibit signs of road rage, and for group B to be more courteous in an intense driving situation, such as traffic. Internal validity would be high because the experiment takes place in the lab, and only the manipulated variable would produce results (Thomas Gilovich, 2013). In contrast to the internal validity, the external validity would be lower because of its lack of resemblance to the real world, as well…

Introduction Fear is a very interesting human emotion to study. The range of fear is very wide, at one end it can be something minor being a result of one stimulus, and then on the other end it can lead to panic attacks, and anxiety. Epidemiological studies suggested that at least 25% of the population will develop some sort of anxiety disorder anytime during their lifetime (Luck 2015.) One of the biggest problems in this study is a relapse after successful intervention. The author constructed…

each interview to improve reliability of the assessment. An oral version of a Situational Judgement Test (SJT) can be included in the interview by asking applicants how they would respond to hypothetical situations. Situational interviews yield high validity (.43) and are resistant to race and gender bias (p. 277). An example of this is asking an applicant how they would differentiate a lesson to meet the needs of a student with a learning disability. Answers to this situation would show whether…

the reader how the tradition of this society has aged and how its relevance has diminished as time passed. Using these methods of storytelling, and various others, Shirley Jackson highlights how we as a society should be critical when examining the validity of past traditions and customs that we have established.…