Vacuum tube

Microbial contamination is a constant problem, which often compromise development of all in vitro techniques. Therefor cleanliness and proper care of equipment are vital to the operation of a tissue culture laboratory to avoid the risk of contamination. In this practical, the main objective was to observe the sources of contamination and to learn maintenance techniques which are relevant to avoid the risk of contamination in the laboratory premises. While observing the cultures,…

The purpose of this experiment was to ascertain an unidentified substance. The substance in question was a colorless liquid with an odor resembling acetone. To start with the Tollens’ test was conducted on the unidentified substance to differentiate between an aldehyde and a ketone. The results of the test were negative. This indicated that the substance under consideration was a ketone The next step consisted of determining the melting point of the substance, which was in the range…

1.0 INTRODUCTION It is known that radiation can be very harmful to a person’s health. According to Marshall and Keene (2006:1), with the recent expansion of diagnostic and interventional radiology, it has been noted that an alarming dose of radiation can be administered to a patient, in a single scan, without having to repeat a procedure. With the evolution of radiography, interventional radiology has become a norm in the diagnosis protocol and it is therefore important to understand the concept…

The ‘Being Human’ gallery presents a unique and fascinating view of the science of social behaviour. Indeed, the human mind is an amazing world of mysteries. Understanding human behaviour is a perfect blend of work of the scientists from the world of biology and social psychology. The interactive exhibits & dioramas supported with multimedia kiosks & video displays here, provide in depth information on the interesting features of the human mind. There are 41 exhibits in the gallery, such as,…

each stage the unconsumed reactants are absorbed into a water solution which is recycled to the secondary reactor. The excess ammonia is purified and used as feedstock to the primary reactor. 3- Concentration 75% of the urea solution is heated under vacuum, which evaporates off some of the water, increasing the urea concentration from 68% w/w to 80% w/w. At this stage some urea crystals also form. The solution is then heated from 80 to 110oC to re-dissolve these crystals prior to evaporation. In…

Being a relatively new element when compared to many other known elements, Germanium has only been documented element since 1886. It has little to offer in the way of health benefits, but it still remains a useful element. Chemical Properties Germanium is the thirty-second element in the periodic table represented with the symbol Ge. It is located in the fourth period under group fourteen. Along with other elements like Silicon and Arsenic, Germanium is a metalloid. As a metalloid, Germanium…

Abortion is Okay The United States have had split opinions on abortion forever. Today, only about 35 percent of Americans are pro-life, while about 51 percent are pro-choice (Gallup). Abortion is currently legal in all 50 states, which is a good start. However, some women are still denied abortions for various reasons. In many cases where this happens, the person carrying the fetus will take things into their own hands. This, of course, is very dangerous. There are multiple ways of going about…

x-rays and the shorter wavelength, overlapping the gamma ray range (see fig.1) are known as hard (high energy x-rays). The discovery of the x-ray was done over a century ago (1895) by the German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen who did experiments with a vacuum tube with a wire component at one end forming the cathode (-), and a heavy copper target at the other end forming the anode (+). When Röntgen applied a high voltage to the electrodes, the electrons formed at the cathode were attracted to anode…

Mass spectrometry This technique is useful, because it help us to study masses of molecules or fragments, helping us to measure the mass to charge. In general, the mass spectrometer have a ionizer, vacuum pump, ion accelerator, could have magnets or/and electric field for separate ions , an analyzer tube, and an electron multiplier detector (see figure #). Figure #.- Mass spectrometer. There are different mass spectrometers, for example, transmission quadrupole mass spectrometer,…

History of the Theory of Atoms Before the age of modern technology, theories of the atom were still created. Most notably was Democritus who was thought of as being the start of modern science when he first came up with the idea of the atom. It was not until J.J. Thomson changed the way atoms were understood with the discovery of the electron. It was not soon after when Ernst Rutherford disproved Thomson’s model with his gold foil experiment. Finally, Niels Bohr built off Rutherford’s gold foil…