Utterance

The concept of reference within semantics is described as when ‘…speakers indicate which things in the world are being talked about’ (Hurford et al: 2007). In semantics, reference is important as it examines language through the meaning we attach words. Notions such as variable and constant reference are especially important. Other notions that are taken into account are opaque context and equative sentences. When speakers indicate what they are talking about through different expressions this…

Abstract A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. It is the basic unit of language used to express meaning, an utterance that expresses an intention. Normally, the speech act is a sentence, but it can be a word or phrase as long as it follows the rules necessary to accomplish the intention. In our daily life interactions, we perform a speech act whether through greeting, requesting, apologizing...etc. Speech act is generally associated with pragmatic equivalence.…

pragmatics does not need to be given attention in learning English because its basic concept are universal in language. This is because the hearers assume simply that speakers have honored the conventions of interpretation in constructing their utterance while the speakers must make a twofold assumption. (Finegan, 2014, pg287). In order to understand pragmatics better, first we need to know what is pragmatics. According to David Crystal, “Pragmatics is the study of language from the point of…

actively participating in classroom activities in his high-quality daycare center. His initial assessment and evaluation suggests a language impairment. This result seems to be in agreement with his current language abilities that are in the two-word utterances stage and a low-average score in his understanding of language. The family stressors (limited finances, traveling away for work and a family member living at home with a terminal illness) probably contribute to a lot of the physical and…

Speaking is one of four skills on learning English, it is being necessary in Indonesia especially, since the newer curriculum 2013 is emphasize on balancing the three principles is that affective, cognitive and psychomotor. Simply word, the curriculum is needed the students to increase their communication skill, thus speaking is being important to be research. Within the several approaches of scientific approach there is Discovery Learning, it is an effective method to enhance students’…

Mary Louise Pratt in her book Toward a Speech Act Theory of Literary Discourse suggests that all narration is a speech act. Pratt argues that because narratives disrupt the natural balance of a conversation by asking for audience it is a verbal utterance that creates an action. “Storytellings [...] require the consent of the nonspeaking participants,” without the consent of the audience the speech act cannot be complete as the narrator needs the audience response to the narration to complete the…

1.1 Background of the Study Language is a tool used by people to communicate with each other. Language able to exchange knowledge, beliefs, opinions, wishes, threats, commands, thanks, promises, declarations and so on. People use many variations languages in communicating in order to share their feelings and ideas such as verbal and nonverbal communication. According to Buck (2002), there are two types of communication. They are: verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal…

‘Implicature is a component of speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in a speaker’s utterance without being part of what is said’ (Horn 2006: 3). Broadly speaking, what speaker intends to say is definitely richer than what he directly expresses. This term means the literal sense and non-literal sense of utterance (Horn 2006: 3). Herbert Paul Grice focused on what is said, what particular words mean, what the speaker wants to convey, what the speaker really conveys. Korta…

initiating a new utterance as the following transcriptions display. Police: °I don’t know that either, um (10). [Mark: But they are (2)hh there is a talk a:bout unregistered guns of American citizens taken away. Is that correct?↑] 4. Dispreferred Responses and Repair In this conversation, dispreferred responses and Repair are usually occurred in the speeches of the police. Also, her speeches have a tendency to facilitate Dispreferred responses and Repair together as a pair in a series of…

Without the context one does not know the reference of personal deixis expressed by personal pronoun he. The use of such a pronoun indicates only that that person is a male who is neither the speaker nor the addressee of the utterance. The interpretation of he is possible only when context is provided, then one finds out that he refers to a police officer. Verb come is an example of spatial deixis. Additionally, the verb serves as a temporal deixis because present tense and progressive…