Urban decay

about several urban problems – for instance, severe traffic congestion due to the growing distance between jobs and housing, inefficient energy consumption due to the increased commuting distance, air pollution due to the increased vehicle use, and a decline in the overall regional economies due to the decline of the central business district. In order to mitigate such problems, there have been a variety of efforts…

development, especially in the downtown area which encompasses Hollis and Granville Street. In the 1950’s Halifax was no exception to the “decay [that] takes place most rapidly on the fringe of the centre” (Grant & Gregory, 2015).…

Mary DeSena wrote an article on how the design of smart growth can solve the problems related to urban sprawl (DeSena, 1999). The article, “‘Smart Growth’ Designed to Solve Urban Sprawl-related Problems”, discussed what costs are associated with sprawl to cities, policies that contain sprawl, and the success of Portland’s smart growth management policies. Sprawl has caught the attention of charities, grant makers, and even foundations to combat the sprawl problem (DeSena, 1999). They believe…

What are the goals of the “orthodox” urban planners (Garden Cities” theorists, Le Corbusier etc.) whom Jacob criticizes? Jane Jacobs throughout Chapter 1 of “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” explains her philosophy regarding urban planning that is centered around using the successes and failures of existing cities as a paradigm for urban planning and design. Jacobs claims that cities “are an immense laboratory of trial and error” in which city planning should be based off of…

A half life is the time taken for a substance to decay to half its original mass and a half life of 110 min allows the radioactive isotope to decay from your body rapidly enough to minimalise the dosage of radiation that is received by the patient. However the 110 minute half-life is supplementary for the storage of the isotope and will allow for…

stability. This process of attempt to go from unstable to stable state is the key for radioactive decay. We call the unstable nuclides radionuclides. In the mid- 20th century medical radionuclide production highly used reactors, accelerators and cyclotrons. Among the 1500 nuclides that are available, reactor-produced radionuclides are usually electron rich. This property result for the nuclides to decay by β negative emission that was used for cancer therapy. Some reactor-produced…

I n 1898, the radioactive elements Radium and Polonium were found by Marie and Pierre Curie. Thus the concept of treating cancers was born. The Curie’s work on radiation led to the possibility of cancer treatment, but also provided a better understanding of the atom. That is that an atom has a nucleus at its centre with surrounding energy shells which consist of negatively charged electrons. The electron was discovered in 1897 by J.J. Tomson, and was the first proved element of the atom. The…

Electromagnetic waves are a type of radiation that is produced from electrons (negatively charged particles) and x-rays is a type of electromagnetic wave. The shorter the wavelength of a wave, the more energy the wave emits. Gamma radiation has the shortest wavelength amongst all the other electromagnetic waves and has the most energy. It cannot be seen or felt and can pass through almost anything. X-rays have slightly longer wavelengths than Gamma rays and has the second most energy emission.…

Handling of Plutonium’ ( IAEA, 1998). Plutonium is a man-made radioactive element that is made from uranium in nuclear reactors (Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). Much of the plutonium made was to be used for nuclear war. When plutonium decays it releases radiation. So do the other forms of isotopes. The half-live of these radioactive metals is anywhere from 87.7 to 6,560 years long (Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). One of the environmentally harmful violations, that Karen…

Introduction Radiation protection policy is distributed among several governmental Agencies in the United States. Each agency is tasked with controlling exposure to radiation and the safe use of radioactive materials and radiation generating devices. These agencies inform their policy with reports and recommendations from a number of organizations, including the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). The NCRP is a longstanding organization that strives to provide…