Upper limb

location during their paleontology work in 2004. The author and his colleagues chose to focus on 375 Million Years as it was a period when the transformation took place from fish to fish with limb. The fish without characteristics of amphibians were found in 385 million year old rocks and the amphibians without limbs was discovered in 365 million year old rocks. Therefore, the intermediary fossil which has both fishes' and amphibians' characteristics, is possible to be discovered in 375…

(the longest bone in the body) as well as relatively small bones in the fingers. Long bones function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement. Long bones are mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and include bones in the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges)…

ability to walk, to improve limb function and strengthen the muscles of the trunk. Analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs help relieve the pain. Patients should be encouraged to sit and walk for short distances as soon as possible, to avoid deconditioning and acceleration of bone loss. They may be unable to walk independently for 1 wk. and have significant spinal pain for 6-12 weeks. Sometimes, after one month, the pain shifts from the fracture to an upper or lower level, since the…

Children were employed in mining, farming, textiles and factories. Child laborers worked long shifts, sometimes up to 14 hours with little break periods. They worked in environments that were unhealthy and dangerous. The children risked losing limbs, being crushed by machinery, burns and exposure to poisonous fumes. Sometimes child laborers were shackled and beaten by their superiors. At the age of 12, Jacob Riis, concerned with people in poverty, gave all of his Christmas money to a…

functional disability, it is largely based on the amputation levels exhibited that will affect the impact on quality of life and the ability to carry out tasks of daily living (Jain, 2008). According to (Radomski & Trombly, 2014), amputation levels on the upper extremity are as below: a. Partial hand Partial hand amputation may vary from loss of one or more digits to a loss of complete fingers or a loss of part of the palm and associated fingers (Blair, Clowers & Stolov, 2007). b. Wrist…

The Saber-toothed Tiger, or the “Smilodon”, was a prehistoric predator, that lived in the southern part of the Americas. (California, Texas, Florida, etc) The Saber-toothed Tiger is named after their long, canine like teeth, that extend from their upper jaw. Existing during the Pleistocene Epoch (about 56 million - 12,000 years ago), Saber-toothed tigers were elongated, stocky animals, that were ferocious, meat eating hunters. The Smilodon populator, or the Saber-tooth Tiger hunted in packs,…

Head Shakes and Dystonia Many people with dystonia experience head shake especially if the dystonia is affecting their neck. People often ask us about the difference between head shaking caused by essential tremor and that caused by dystonia. In this article Prof Karim explains what the differences are and how to tell if it is dystonia or not. A majority of the world’s population at some point use their head and neck muscles in order to carry or transport heavy goods. To do this, the control of…

Native American Bows Did you know that it was not until 500 A.D. that Native Americans started using bow and arrow? They started using them, for hunting to be easier and faster, started using the bow and arrow because they saw that bow and arrow was more efficient than the normal spear. Not only but bow and arrows actually used less material than spears. With time, Native Americans started upgrading, some of the upgrades were: poisoned arrows, small bows, etc. Fun fact: Spear travel…

The Elizabethan era was violent and bloodthirsty. In these barbarous times legislators increased the horrors of torture and punishment. Torture was used to extract confessions for crimes, and if one was accused of a crime it could result in torture. It did not matter what type of torture was used, it was seen as a legitimate means for justice to extract confessions. Different types of torture methods were forced, depending on the crime and the social status of the victim, using various methods…

have received several antibiotic cycles in the past that may have lead to an anti-biotic resistant state of his infection. Interventions for serious diabetic foot infections may to surgery to remove a finger or reach the extent of amputation of the limb to prevent the spread of necrosis. But these are all preventable if a diabetic patient has an access to a drug that in the firs place targets the prevention of bacterial accumulation on a skin break. It may be a drug that not only regulates the…