Upper limb

land-living animals. Shubin states that, “Tiktaalik has a shoulder, elbow, and wrist composed of the same bones as an upper arm, forearm, and wrist in a human,” showing its connections to the human body. He then moves onto the history of our hands, referring to Sir Richard Owen’s discovery that there was a fundamental design in all vertebrate land animals along with many marine animals. Limbs had a one bone, two bones, and several little bones structure which penguins, bats, seals, whales and…

radiculopathy can often occur due to the overall reduction in size of the intervertebral foramen (IVF). This can arise from a degenerative lesion of the zygapophyseal joints, or from a herniated disc. Most common symptoms consist of periscapular, upper- limb, and neck radicular pain; neurological symptoms may also occur in forms of sensory disturbance, weakness, and reduced tendon reflexes in the affected nerve root distribution. Many different types of methods can be used to treat cervical…

progressive loss of motor neurons and break down of the motor neuron system. ALS is known by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. As the upper motor neurons deteriorate, the cells “suffer from a retrograde axonal loss with secondary myelin pallor and gliosis”. While these changes are more severe at the brainstem and upper spinal cord, they…

topic arose in the scientific community quite some time ago. Popular area focused on this topic was the effect of Spear use by Eurasian Neanderthals and early modern humans. Neanderthals are commonly known for roaming the earth during the same time as Upper Paleolithic modern humans. Due to the extinction of Neanderthals and our continued progression an important argument is the difference in predatory capabilities between the two hominids. Both actively used spears during their hunting…

wanted to explore on was Have there been any other instances in sports where having a physical disadvantage is considered cheating some people’s eyes. In Anthony robles case they said that his upper body was a lot bigger then all of the people in his weight class, and that was because he was missing a limb. Another knock against him was that wrestler rely on muscle memory to compete in their matches. Wrestling two legged people their whole life, they are use to doing certain things. When…

amputees in the U.S. every year” (“Facts about Amputations”). “Limb amputation is one of the most ancient of all surgical procedures with a history of more than 2,500 years” (Phillipo). Many individuals are affected by amputations worldwide. Through thorough research on this procedure, one finds out what amputations are, different causes, the surgical process, and rehabilitation. “Amputation is the intentional surgical removal of a limb or body part” (“Amputation-Medical-dictionary”). Most of…

More than fifty percent of essential tremor cases, also known as familial tremor are caused by genetics. It’s an autosomal dominant disorder, needing only one parent to pass the mutated gene on to the offspring. Sometimes the child is only a carrier with no sign of the condition. Instances where both parents are carriers of the inherited gene raise the risk of a child developing essential tremor. Age is another factor causing this second most common movement disorder. Electrical fluctuations in…

Compound Bow: Introduction Introduction Bows are tools or weapons used by archers and archery hunters to compete in competition and harvest wildlife for food and trophies. The compound bow in particular, is a mechanical tool/weapon that enhances the primitive technology originally created by man to enhance accuracy when hunting or shooting at a target. Compound bows can be used for hunting various types of game as well as used for competition shooting. People of most ages with practice and…

I is a great tool for medical imaging and widely used for MS, but it has some limitations in lacking specificity and MRI not capturing diffuse white matter pathology 1. New emerging techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for monitoring visual impairment by MS have the potential to address issues not resolved by current MRI techniques. TMS is a new method not widely used yet, but suitable to detect the conditions affecting MS patients.…

three sections in the spinal cord, each section has a different outcome when it comes to an injury. A spinal cord injury within C1-C8 is called Quadriplegia or Tetraplegia. Paralysis affects the cervical spinal nerves, in different degrees in all four limbs. The body will still try to send messages from the injury to the brain through the spinal cord, via sensory pathways. The brain will also attempt to send messages from the brain to muscles via motor pathways. However these signals will be…