Undue burden standard

6.5 Granger Causality Granger causality statistics determine whether past values of one variable helps to predict another variable. For example, if the lagged value of the independent variable X, help in predicting the value of the explanatory variable Y_(t+1), then X granger causes the Y. On the other hand, if the independent variable X does not help to predict Y, then the coefficients on the lags of X will all be zero in the reduced form Y equation. 7. Empirical results 7.1 Optimal lag…

Cellular respiration is “The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances” (dictionary.com). These metabolic processes are fueled through O2 consumption. The equation of cellular respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + ATP (Pidwirny). The actual pathways of cellular respiration are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and oxidative-phosphorylation (Campbell pg. 166). The big picture problem is the rate at which this…

The mean weight of the 51 galls preyed upon by birds (1.31g with standard error ±0.06g and standard deviation ±0.46g, range 0.4g-2.4g) was larger than the mean weight of the 33 galls that were not preyed upon by birds (1.12g with standard error ±0.06g and standard deviation ±0.32g, range 0.4g-1.8g, p=0.0304) (Figure 4). The mean weigh of the galls preyed upon by birds was found to be significantly larger than the…

Living Between Two Worlds Dayton Kwok Introduction As an American born Chinese, I’ve always had to switch between using English and Chinese. This is especially exacerbated since I lived in San Francisco, a city dominated by immigrants hailing from Southern China and Hong Kong. One moment I’m using English to talk to my friends, and the next moment I’m using Cantonese to talk to my family. My native language was English, but I also learned to speak Cantonese around the same time I learned to…

should be at close to $25.00 per hour (Dalton, week 6). The interquartile range pros are that it more accurately represents the majority of data. Its cons are it ignores the most extreme data points. The variance is mainly used in calculating the standard deviation. The pros are that it helps us get an idea of…

Strength All the data obtained from this experiment is plotted on the graph. The accuracy and precision can be determined from the graph. Based on the graph , as the line do not pass the origin , it can be deducted that the result is fairly accurate. Since there are few outliers on the graph , the precision of this graph is moderate. Accuracy of the graph is affected by systematic errors while the precision is affected by random errors. A few measures had been taken prior in getting more…

Reformers have always challenged the government in some way and during the Progressive Era their ideas were able to influence the U.S. on a national level. Women were quite determined to be treated rightfully and fought for many other social, economic, and political issues. The Progressive Era from 1900-1920 was a response to a multitude of injustices which were caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization. Many Americans were in fear of the economic and political power that the upper…

trouble keeping up with Standard Oil is that the company eliminated waste and made profits on everything so that they were able to lower the prices on their products for the American people. Rockefeller brought oil to the homes of middle class workers as well through the cheap prices, a commodity they used to be unable to afford. Along with making the prices more affordable for the middle class, John Rockefeller was a man of the working people. Thomas Wheeler, a manager at Standard Oil, says…

doing this he was able to create one of the largest oil refineries in Cleveland. The year 1870 gave birth to the industries giant Standard Oil created by Vanderbilt, his brother, and a few others. Rockefeller was the president of the company. The company was so successful that Rockefeller was soon able to buy out most of his competition eventually creating the Standard Oil…

During the Gilded Age, America's industrial economy exploded, generating unprecedented opportunities for individuals to build great fortunes unfortunately it left many farmers and workers struggling merely for survival. American’s saw their nation as an island of political democracy. Although the world was still dominated by undemocratic governments. Americans understanding of political freedom was raising questions about the power of the new corporations and how immune to democratic control…