Tumor

Description: Most skin growths are not cancerous, but they should all be closely watched, so that you are aware of changes that could be signs of cancer developing. How Do I Know If My Skin Growths Are Cancer? How Do I Tell the Difference Between Harmless and Harmful Skin Growths? Inset: Moles can darken harmlessly during puberty and pregnancy. Inset: Keloids are excessive scar tissue growths over healed wounds. Captions: Layers of skin A normal wart Seborrheic Keratosis Skin tags Cherry…

Wilms’ Tumor When expecting parents are asked which gender they would prefer, the most common answer is some form of “as long as our baby is healthy.” As parents our child’s safety is often our number one priority, even long into their adulthood. What if the happy and healthy newborn you thought you had, is diagnosed with cancer by toddlerhood? Cancer is a terrifying diagnosis for anyone, but as a parent it is even more devastating to think that your child is suffering through this disease.…

Sinus tumors are a serious illness that can devastate a person. These tumors form in the nose and paranasal sinuses and account for less than 1% of all tumors. Most people think that their cancer symptoms are really just allergies or nasal pressure from a cold. Treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Sinus tumors are most common in Japan and South Africa and in men over 55 years old. The survival rate depends on what stage the cancer is when treatment begins. Symptoms of sinus…

Tumor metabolism is associated with increase in glycolytic pathways by what is known as the Warburg effect. The lack of oxygen due to decreased vascularization makes the mutated cells rely on an anaerobic production of lactate from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase accompanied by the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, with a net production of 2 ATP as their main energy source. The NAD+ produced is used as an electron acceptor by the mitochondrial transport chain requiring a stable and high concentration…

Cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor site and travel through blood and lymphatic vessels. This is how cancer cells spread, or metastasize, to another part of the body, such as the brain. These tumors can develop when a patient’s primary cancer, while still undetectable at its original site, sends out metastatic cells that travel to the brain and establish themselves there. Most cancer patients are actually at risk of having their tumor spread to multiple sites.…

This is of considerable importance in the spread of breast tumours.The lymph drainage of the breast, as with any other organ, follows the pathway of its blood supply(28). The deep breast tissues drain into the superficial lymphatic and then to peri-areolar lymphatic plexus.75% of the drainage occurs via lateral and medial trunks extending from the areola to the axilla. Axilla drains to subclavian lymphatic trunk. 25% of lymphatic drainage occurs via internal mammary nodes. Anastomotic…

Soft tissue giant cell tumor (GCT-ST) of low malignant potential is an uncommon neoplasm, considered the soft tissue counterpart of giant cell tumor of bone. The age range of patients with primary GCT of soft tissue is 1-86 yrs with female predominance of 3:2 GCT- ST manly affects young to middle – age adults & presents as a painless growing mass mainly located in the lower extremities and hunk (2,3,4,5). The majority of these tumors is located superficially (in subcutaneous tissue) and occur in…

Tumors of the parathyroid glands frequently occur with a prevalence of 0.1-0.4% in the general population, increasing up to 4% of postmenopausal women [1]. Parathyroid tumors are often associated with PTH hypersecretion determining primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), which represents the third most common endocrine disease following diabetes and thyreopathies. In PHPT, PTH hypersecretion due to tumor parathyroid cell proliferation, induces hypercalcemia by increasing calcium mobilization from…

Tumor microenvironments consist of solid tumors and a matrix of blood supply. This also consist of a variety of immune cells that aid in cell signaling. This environment functions off the recruitment of chemoattractants, growth hormones, cytokines, and other key elements. Myeloid derived stem cells play a major role in tumor microenvironments. The stems cells that come stem from here are stimulated with various factors. Myeloid progenitor stem cells stimulated with erythropoietin gives rise to…

activation of the pro-tumor cytokine family causes epigenetic modifications. A persistent inflammatory response in individuals with ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease causing oxidative stress and activation of TNF-α and NF-ҡB (tumor promoting cytokines) has been suggested as a major cause for colorectal cancer (Kraus et al., 2009). Activation of cytokines like STAT3 and NF-ҡB can also induce stem cell-like phenotype and stem cell expansion in progenitor tumor cells resulting in…