Tsuga

The city of Mannheim in Germany was one of the greatest industrial hubs of the time: creativity and innovation was at its peak. Because of this, it became an important city for both World War I and World War II. However, it had become a main target for the opposition, the Allied forces and in December of 1940, air raids began raining down on the city. This lasted until the war ended, leaving the city pretty much in ruins. During the long process of reconstructing the city, a contest was held to build a temporary pavilion to host Germany’s Bundesgartenschau. This was a biennial federal run horticulture show to fund the transformation of an open area that took place in 1974. Being an important honor to win the competition, various architects submitted designs for the exhibition. The architects Carlfried Mutschler and Winfried Langner, from the firm of Carlfried Mutschler & Partners of Mannheim, created the winning design in 1971. The design concept focused on "a light, airy construction to harmonize with the landscape of flowers, trees and artificial hills". By the end of completion, the structure’s roof area was 102,200 square feet and spanned up to 200 feet. The main hall, which was the Multihalle, spanned around 200 feet to 200 feet. The curved roof is made of timber lattices and covers three separate spaces. To help the architects construct the building, they brought in engineer Frei Otto. One important fact is that it is the largest self- supporting grid shell structure in…

Invasive Species and the effects of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid A specific environmental issue I would like to learn more about is the impacts of invasive species, more specifically that of the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA). I have spent a lot of time down in the Hocking Hills in southeastern Ohio, and I had heard that the invasive adelgid was threatening the local hemlock population there. The eastern hemlock is a very abundant tree among the eastern seaboard of the United State. It is considered…

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Mitchell Saunders Mrs. Whitmire AP Environmental Science 4th Period 11 October 2014 The Woolly Adelgid: A Forest Nuisance The woolly adelgid, or hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelgis tsugae), is a species of small insect native to Japan that infests eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) trees in the Eastern United States. The insect was first discovered in the United States in Richmond, Virginia around 1954. The infected trees were part of a park located on the…

to Georgia and through the Appalachian Mountains into New England. The most similar varieties to A. saccharum in North America are A. barbatum (Florida maple), A. leucoderme (chalk maple), and A. nigrum (black maple) which often hybridize with sugar maple. A. platanoides (Norway maple) is a European species that also looks very similar to sugar maple, but it has broader leaves with drooping lobes, and sap from a broken petiole is milky (Nesom, 2016). Typically, the sugar maple is found in plant…

Order of Insecta, the magical beauty of so many of their kind. But there are a few that strike more than a few heebe-geebes -- some are downright frightening. Take the tiny hemlock wooly adelgid (ah-del-jid) for instance: a needle sucking scale insect of miniscule proportions that reproduces asexually (no male required) at a rate of thousands per year. This aphid-like insect, originally from Japan, has no predators in this part of North America and its only table fare is the Eastern hemlock…

Diomedes first order was to join the cavalry squad (known as the Black Knights), and follow any commands that his cousin gave him. No one cared that he was the son of Lord Akio, in the Murasaki province a man gains respects by what he does on the battle field and what they do in life. The Black Knights got an order to head towards to Hugo Forest where a group of Lian soldiers were camping, and waiting to attack Tsuga. As the Black Knights got closer, they say that the soldiers were armed with…

are relatively free of serious pathogens, however young firs, are commonly infected by the following, which can result in blight: Insects such as beetles, specifically Pseudohylesinus nobilis and P. dispar, weevils and large root aphids which attack the tree’s bark. Gray-mold blight and brown felt mold which can cause minor damage and loss of seedlings. Needlecast diseases where the tree’s needles are attacked by fungus (Figure 2). Fir broom rust, an abnormally profuse, dense mass of host…