Transubstantiation

Women Of The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Who Were Persecuted Women in the sixteenth and seventeenth century were having a hard time with expressing themselves in a male-dominated society that refused to grant merit to women’s views. A lot of events in the political and cultural areas during these centuries helped get attention to women’s issues such as education reform, further down the line women were increasingly able to speak out against injustices. Though feminism was nonexistent in…

Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an known as an Augustinian monk, associated with L.F.A or Lay Faith Affiliated with Order. Augustinian, or Austin, friars are a mendicant order.According to Britannica, A mendicant order includes “Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians (Augustinian Hermits), Carmelites, Trinitarians, Mercedarians, Servites, Minims, Hospitallers of St. John of God, and the Teutonic order”(Britannica) affiliated with Roman Catholicism. As consecrated religious, they were to pray the…

John Wycliffe was born in the Yorkshire village of Wycliffe-on-Tees. Scholars differ as to the exact date of birth, but it is generally agreed that He was born in the Yorkshire village of Wycliffe-on-Tees around 1330. He entered Oxford College around 1345, just prior to the outbreak of the Black Death (1349-353). He received his Doctorate of Divinity in 1372. By 1371 Oxford had gained a reputation as the leading school of theological and philosophical studies, and Wycliffe stood out for his…

Christmas, the 25th of December, is the most important festival of the year. Celebrated by most countries in the world, Christmas is a time of shopping, taking a break from work, connecting with friends and family, and reflecting on the year. Though most Christians view it is a day in honor of God to remember and celebrate the birth of His Son, taking a closer look and an investigative perspective draws parallels with pagan customs practiced long before Christ was born. In this essay, I will…

Protestant Reformation occurred during conflict between nation-states in Europe •First in imperial cities of Germany and Switzerland •Deep social and political divisions •Certain groups favored the reformation - like printers who were literate POPULAR RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS AND CRITICISM OF THE CHURCH •The reformation could not have happened without the numerous conflicts that had risen within the church during the Renaissance. •Diet of Worms (Germany) presented the emperor with 102 oppressive…

There were many other factors that contributed to the Reformation, one being the new humanistic fashion of reading and writing that allowed people to become more insightful and critical. A popular literary humanistic method introduced during the Renaissance was the reading of ancient texts and analyzing them to increase knowledge and insight. Writing became a key way to communicate thoughts and opinions to others. Reading and writing affected the Protestant Reformation greatly because it allowed…

One of the largest chief political factors leading up to the decline of the Western church in the 15th century would have to be marked by “The Great Schism” or “Papal Schism” during the year of 1378. During this time there were three Popes who believed they were the one true Pope. Before the beginning of the schism, there was power of the papal in Avignon, France. Gregory XI, had wanted to return the papacy to Rome, and no longer have it in France (Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity 402).…

Mon mai longe liues wene, Ac ofte him lieth the wrench. Feir weder turneth ofte into reine And wunderliche hit maketh his blench. Tharuore mon, thu the bi-thench, Al schal falewi thi grene, Weilawei, nis king ne quene, That ne schal drinche of deathes drench. Mon, er thu falle of thi bench, Thine sunne thu aquench. (Lisle, “The Three Living and The Three Dead”) Having revised the concept of childhood from the Antique period up to the later Middle Ages, with special attention paid to the…

to prohibit his teaching. In response, Wycliffe continued in a superior form of aggressiveness to oppose the Catholic Church. Anything that the Bible did not record, and church performed it, Wycliffe would oppose it. For example, he attacked transubstantiation; the sacramental power of the priesthood; the efficacy of the Mass; and the entire structure of the church’s rituals, ceremonies, and rites. In the end of his life, the Catholic Church did not directly kill Wycliffe. His death, while he…

sacrament of the alter … if he says duly those words over the bread that our Lord Jesus Christ said … I believe that it is his very flesh and his blood and no material bread nor ever may be unsaid be it once said” (Kempe 84-85). Margery’s belief in transubstantiation directly opposes the Lollard belief that priests held this power, and for Kempe’s persecutors, having this answer on record is enough to declare her innocence. Accordingly, Kempe participates in many other “anti-Lollard” and…