Transmission

Text Data Computers represent information using bits. A bit string is a sequence of zero or more bits. This information is encoded by the sender and will be transmitted. The receiver then decodes the information. Data sent may be corrupted along the way because noise may interfere every time an information is transmitted to any channel. A channel is the physical medium through which information is transmitted. Examples of channels include telephone lines, internet cables, fiber optic lines,…

Agree, even if the router has infinite amount of memory congestion does not get controlled on the contrary it gets worse. Memory increase causes the rate of the arriving packets to be more but the outgoing packets rate decreases. Once the packets get to the front of the queue they have already time out over and over again; in addition, duplicates of these packets are forward to the next router, causing an increase of load all the way to the final destination. 2. Compare the following: • Flow…

“communication Signal” to “F-PLCCG“ via Transmission line and as soon as signal passes from PLC modem, Program Logic Controller(at substation) sends “Automation signal’ to Program Logic Controller(at F-PLCCG) for activation of Switches (…

1.1 General This work deals with the important issue of transmission system congestion management with consideration of voltage stability as a load ability limit. Congestion is defined as a whenever the physical or operational constraints in a transmission network become active, the system is said to be in a state of congestion. The possible limits that may be hit in case of congestion are: line thermal limits, transformer emergency ratings, bus voltage limits, transient or…

Getting electricity Data from Doing Business A firm has to go through 7 procedures in order to obtain an electricity supply and connection. These include applications and contracts with electricity utilities, clearances from other agencies and the external and final connection works. The whole process from submitting the application to installing the final connection takes 137 calendar days and costs a substantial 126.1% of income per capita. The reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs…

REPORT TCP: Transmission Control Protocol SUMMARY: The idea of TCP congestion control is for each sender to determine the available capacity in the network so that it knows how many packets can be safely transmitted. The congestion window is a state variable for each connection which is used by the sender to limit how much data a sender can transmit into the network before receiving an acknowledgement. This report consist of the simulation of different model of TCP transmission…

While ubiquitous Internet access is extremely convenient and enables marvelous new applications for mobile users, it also creates a major security vulnerability—by placing a passive receiver in the vicinity of the wireless transmitter, that receiver can obtain a copy of every packet that is transmitted! These packets can contain all kinds of sensitive information, including passwords, social security numbers, trade secrets, and private personal messages. A passive receiver that records a copy of…

Modern power systems are made up of several interacting national systems. These systems interact providing essential support and monitoring in various power grids or sectors. While the advantages of systems interacting are bountiful in information gathering and sharing, it is not without certain drawbacks. Our society is dependent upon the availability of power and is quickly incapacitated by its loss. Simply observe the moderate disruption that is caused during severe weather. Often, these…

Aristotle’s virtue ethics, telos is the first and fundamental element to achieve happiness in human’s nature. In my own field, for example, if I get a chance to be a power electrical engineer fortunately, designing and creating more efficient and safer transmission and distribution circuits will be purpose and goal for me. Because if the goal is realized, it will contribute to developing our human society. In addition to a good telos, I also need to learn and train myself to be professional. For…

morphology observed in the PtFeS catalyst indicates that nanoparticles are horizontally overgrown at the edge of preformed nanoparticles by the decomposition of thiol compound. The mapping of the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) was performed to reveal the distribution of Pt, Fe, and S elements in a representative single nanoparticle of the PtFeS catalyst as shown in Fig. 3c. Overlapping the mapping of Pt, Fe, and S EEL signals…