Transmission electron microscopy

2.1. Na-ion Batteries (NIBs) Na-based batteries are not new. Back to the 1970s, Na-ion and Li-ion batteries were investigated in parallel.5,6 The investigation of Na-ion batteries significantly decreased after the success of commercial application of Li-ion batteries in the 1990s. Na-ion batteries have a very similar working principle as the Li-ion batteries. As shown in Figure 2.1, each electrochemical cell is basically composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a membrane…

The binding of the two chains is caused by the hydrophobic motif created from the mutated 6th amino acid in the hemoglobin [1]. The resulting red blood cell becomes dehydrated and deoxygenated and loses it’s biconcave shape. By using transmission electron microscopy, it is evident that sickle shaped cells have groupings of fibers that run along the long axis of the cell [9]. The fibres, which have a rope like structure, are made of 14 polymer strands [9]. Unlike erythrocytes, sickle cells differ…

and catalytic capacity of PB for H2O2, a synergistic effect was observed for the H2O2 detection. The morphology and chemical composition of the MWCNTs@PpPD-PB nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray…

Part One: Conductive behaviour of graphene/carbon nanotube and graphene oxide/ carbon nanotube hybrid materials Experimental Introduction Although many CNTs and graphene based electrodes have been developed with outstanding properties, drawbacks are still noticeable using some methods. For instance, EPD method commonly produces unsatisfied CNTs film strength and on the other hand, CVD technique is costly. Moreover, graphene based electrodes needs lots of labour works which is time consuming…

Carbon atoms have a total of six electrons; two in the inner shell and four in the outer shell. The four outer shell electrons in an individual carbon atom are there for chemical bonding, but in case of graphene, each atom is joined to three other carbon atoms on the two dimensional plane, leaving one electron freely available in the third dimension for electronic conduction. These highly mobile electrons are called pi (π) electrons and are located above and below the graphene sheets…

Figure 2.1.3 TPGS concentration and Paclitaxel solubility are directly related. Figure created by M. Varma, 200522. TPGS has been incorporated into various drug formulations partly because of its ability to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). By inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity, the relative cytotoxicity of drugs such as doxorubicin, vinblastine, and paclitaxel was increased19. P-gp is a drug efflux pump, a.k.a. multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), located in the cell membranes of…

Human epidermal receptor 2 positive (HER2+) Breast-Cancer (Bc) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of Breast-Cancers that is found in approximately 20% of them (1,4). HER2+BC remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women all over the world as once the advanced or metastatic HER2+BC is developed, no treatment can stop the progression. The combination of Trastuzumab; a monoclonal antibody that blocks HER2 receptors, and Docetaxel; a cytotoxic agent, has been approved for use as…

The surface morphology was investigated using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM- 2100F, JEOL Co., Japan). Laser diffraction (LD) analyzer (SALD- 2300, Shimadzu Co., Japan) was used to determine particle size of the synthesized iron particles after 30 min of ultra-sonication (US-101, SND Co, Ltd, Japan)…

The first virophage to be discovered is Sputnik virophage. It was found accidentally while examining Mamavirus with an electron microscope. The Acanthamoeba that contained Mamavirus was found in a water cooling tower in Paris. Sputnik depends upon the co-infection of host cells by larger viruses known as Mamavirus and alone is incapable of infecting the host amoeba cell [9]…

also been considered for possible viral reservoirs, but also till this day there is not an official reservoir that is known for the Ebola virus. The first person to get infected by this virus must have spread it to other humans by human-to-human transmission, which the person must have received it from a fruit bat or an ape. Ever since the recent outbreak of the Ebola virus infections, there have been many questions about the understanding of how this virus is transmitted, because it is not yet…