Transmission electron microscopy

of light into electricity at the atomic level as explained in How do Photovoltaics Work. The way that photovoltaics work is through the property known as the ‘photoelectric effect’ that causes some materials to absorb photons of light and release electrons that are captured, forming an electric current. “The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839” he found that specific materials would produce electric currents when in exposure to light, such as the…

Science Fair 2018- Rock and Roll Bounce Observation What is friction? What is the difference between motion and forces? Are there different types of motions and forces? What is gravity? What is Newtons law? Does friction have to do with motion or force? Does Newton's law apply to everything that is moving? How is movement and forces apply to the world itself? Do natural disasters involve motion and forces? Does energy have to do with motion and forces? How many types of…

Jacob Schuster Comparing and Contrasting Michael Faraday and Hans Christian Orsted Michael Faraday and Hans Christian Oersted were both Chemists and Physicists in the 1800’s. They both discovered the connection between magnetism and electricity. This paper will give backgrounds on both Faraday and Oersted and will compare and contrast their works. Michael Faraday was born in London on September 22, 1791. He was the first person to produce an electric current from a magnetic…

formed by the transfer of electrons. Normally, ionic solids are brittle. The bonding of sodium and chlorine is shown below. Metallic Bonding The bonding of metal to metal atoms is called metallic bonding. It occurs between two or more metal cations. In fact, metal atom will lose valence electrons when forming compounds. Every metal atoms share their electrons with the others, therefore producing a mobile electron cloud. Valence electrons are that can participate…

have the ability to produce electricity when exposed to sunlight. But Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect and the nature of light in 1905. Photoelectric effect state that when photons or sunlight strikes to a metal surface flow of electrons will take place. Later photoelectric effect became the basic principle for the technology of photovoltaic power generation. The first PV module was manufactured by Bell laboratories in 1954. Some 5000 years ago, firstly wind power was used to…

Electrochromism is the reversible change in optical properties when a material is electrochemically oxidized or reduced[6] and can be simply represented by Equation (1), where M+ can be H+, Li+, Na+ or K+ , 0 < x < 1, and e- are denoting electrons.[2] (transparent) WO3 + xM+ + xe- ↔ 2 MxWO3 (deep blue) ------------- Equation (1) An electrochromic system consists of an ion-containing material (electrolyte) that is of close proximity to the electrochromic layer and the transparent layers…

LINEAR WAVE THEORY Linear wave theory can be defined as first-order, small amplitude gravity wave with a sinusoidal shape. This theory has been developed by Airy in 1845. It is easy to apply and give reasonable approximation of wave characteristic for a wide range of wave parameters. However, in some situations, waves are better described by higher order theories or also referred as finite-amplitude wave theories. Although there are limitations to its application, linear theory is still useful…

a) According to the right-hand rule, the direction of the magnetic fields of the 3 wires are shown: We find the magnetic fields B1, B2 and B3: 퐵1=퐵2= 푢0 푖 = 푢0 푖 = 4∗3.14×10−7 ∗(3.65) =ퟒퟐ.ퟔퟔퟎ풖푻 2휋푟 2휋( 2푎) 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗( 2(0.0121)) 퐵3= 푢0 푖 = 푢0 푖 = 4∗3.14×10−7 ∗(3.65) =ퟐퟎ.ퟏퟏퟎ풖푻 2휋푟 2휋(3푎) 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗(3∗(0.0121)) The x components of the B1 and B2 cancel each other; therefore the net magnetic field will be downward and we have (the negative sign is because the direction is downward): 퐵=− 퐵1cos 45 +…

In the organic disordered materials, the charge transport is occurred by variable range hopping (VRH) of charge carriers between strongly localized states [22-25, 30, 58-61]. The VRH model proposed by Vissenberg and Matters model that considers the hopping percolation of thermally activated carriers between localized states is the most model used for describing charge transport in the disordered organic semiconductors and modeling the electrical characteristics OTFTs [27, 58]. Indeed, the…

where the proton of the beta- plus is found in the radionuclide. The nucleus then makes neutrons which then give out positrons which are beta- plus particles. When the neutron transforms into a proton, the proton stays back in the nucleus and the electron that is formed moves away with a lot energy. As the beta –plus particle emits the nucleus, it results in the nucleus changing and gaining one extra proton and losing one neutron. The atom that can be used in beta – plus is carbon 11. The other…