Transmission electron microscopy

An atom made of thousands of electrons would have a very high, negative electric charge; however, this was not practical, as atoms typically have no charge. In 1906, Thomson suggested that atoms contained far fewer electrons, a number roughly equal to the atomic number. These electrons must have been balanced by a positive charge. Thus, Thomson began studying positively charged ions as he channeled a stream…

on the assessment. All the tools needed to do well on the assessment were given in lecture multiple times. To start, students would correctly protonate the styrene with the sulfuric acid, but after the carbocation was formed, they would use the electrons from the negative charge of the oxygen in the HSO4- to attack the carbocation. As stated before, the correct way of going about this is having water attack the molecule. After attaching the HSO4 to the molecule, they would break off a…

Surrounding the nucleus are electrons. These are arranged in shells, or…

the atomic theory are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons inhabit regions of space called orbitals. Orbitals…

Terminology and units Current Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient atoms. The common symbol for current is the uppercase letter I. Potential difference The potential difference between two points.The units for potential difference are Joules per coulomb, or volts. (1 volt = 1 Joule/coulomb). Electrical charge Electric charge is carried by the electrons ( negative charge) and protons (positive charge) within an atom. The…

The protons are positively charged particles that are also located in the nucleus and symbolized as p+. The second part of an atom is the electron cloud. The electron cloud is a cloud of electron which surrounds the nucleus. The electrons are the third type of subatomic particle- along with protons and neutrons. Located outside of the nucleus, electrons are negatively charged. Due to their location and their ability to react with…

sensitive detectors. There were many particles found such as muon, which behaves like and electron and is 210 times heavier. There is also the pion which is a little smaller than the muon as well as the kaon, which is just over half the mass of a proton, and finally the lambda, which is 20% heavier…

different types of optical detectors available covering parts of the electromagnetic spectrum: the ultraviolet, visible and infrared, optical detectors are divided into two main categories: photon and thermal detectors. Photon detectors generate one electron for an incoming photon, which is detected by an electronic circuit, while thermal detectors convert optical energy to heat, which then generates an electrical signal.3 Herein, two types of photodetectors are examined: a PD and a PMT.…

Experiment #6: Polarimetry Resolution of (∓)-Racemate: (∓)-ɑ-Phenylethylamine OBJECTIVE All chiral molecules have a mirror image of themselves. While they have the same physical properties, they interact with other chiral molecules completely different. Since there are many chiral molecules in organics, this can lead to the need to make optically pure products. If the chemist does not, it can lead to many problems including death. In this experiment, the separation of two enantiomers was…

C-H bonds are considered nonpolar. This is because the electronegativity of C is 2.5 and the of H is 2.1, putting their electronegativity in the nonpolar range. O-H bonds are more polar than N-H bonds. This is because the O-H bond is more electronegative because the electronegativity of O is 3.44 while the electronegativity of N is only 3.04. I2(s) → I2(l) London Dispersion Forces H2O(s) → H2O(l) London Dispersion Dipole-Dipole Hydrogen Bonding NaI(s) → NaI(l) Ionic bonds C16H32(s) →…